相關(guān)申請(qǐng)的交叉引用根據(jù)35u.s.c.§119,本申請(qǐng)要求2014年9月9日提交的美國專利申請(qǐng)?zhí)?2/047,916的優(yōu)先權(quán),其內(nèi)容通過引用全文納入本文。發(fā)明背景癌癥免疫治療,包括基于細(xì)胞的治療、抗體治療和細(xì)胞因子治療,用于激發(fā)攻擊腫瘤細(xì)胞的免疫應(yīng)答,同時(shí)保護(hù)正常組織。它是治療多種不同類型的癌癥的有希望的選擇,因?yàn)槠渚哂刑颖芩幬锟剐缘倪z傳和細(xì)胞機(jī)制的潛力,并靶向腫瘤細(xì)胞,同時(shí)保留正常組織。t淋巴細(xì)胞可以發(fā)揮主要的抗腫瘤作用,這已被同種異體造血干細(xì)胞移植(hsct)對(duì)于血液惡性腫瘤的結(jié)果所證明,其中t細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的移植物抗宿主病(gvhd)與疾病復(fù)發(fā)負(fù)相關(guān),并且去除免疫抑制或輸入供體淋巴細(xì)胞可導(dǎo)致復(fù)發(fā)。weiden等人,nengljmed.1979;300(19):1068-1073;porter等人,nengljmed.1994;330(2):100-106;kolb等人,blood.1995;86(5):2041-2050;slavin等人,blood.1996;87(6):2195-2204;和appelbaum,nature.2001;411(6835):385-389?;诩?xì)胞的治療可能涉及具有傾向于針對(duì)癌細(xì)胞的反應(yīng)性的細(xì)胞毒性t細(xì)胞。eshhar等人,proc.natl.acad.sci.u.s.a.;1993;90(2):720-724;geiger等人,jimmunol.1999;162(10):5931-5939;brentjens等人,nat.med.2003;9(3):279-286;cooper等人,blood.2003;101(4):1637-1644;和imai等人,leukemia.2004;18:676-684。一種方法是表達(dá)嵌合抗原受體,該受體具有與一個(gè)或多個(gè)t細(xì)胞活化信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域融合的抗原結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域。通過抗原結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域?qū)Π┛乖慕Y(jié)合,導(dǎo)致t細(xì)胞被活化并引發(fā)細(xì)胞毒性。灌注表達(dá)嵌合受體的自體t淋巴細(xì)胞的臨床試驗(yàn)的最近結(jié)果,提供了證明其臨床潛力的有力證據(jù)。pule等人,nat.med.2008;14(11):1264-1270;porter等人,nengljmed;2011;25;365(8):725-733;brentjens等人,blood.2011;118(18):4817-4828;till等人,blood.2012;119(17):3940-3950;kochenderfer等人,blood.2012;119(12):2709-2720;和brentjens等人,scitranslmed.2013;5(177):177ra138?;诳贵w的免疫療法,例如單克隆抗體、抗體-融合蛋白和抗體藥物偶聯(lián)物(adc),被用于治療多種不同疾病,包括許多類型的癌癥。這樣的治療可以取決于對(duì)細(xì)胞表面分子的識(shí)別,這些細(xì)胞表面分子在需要消除的細(xì)胞(例如,靶細(xì)胞,例如癌細(xì)胞)上相對(duì)于正常細(xì)胞(例如,非癌細(xì)胞)是差異表達(dá)的。基于抗體的免疫治療與癌細(xì)胞的結(jié)合,可以通過各種不同的機(jī)制導(dǎo)致癌細(xì)胞死亡,例如抗體依賴性細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性(adcc)、補(bǔ)體依賴性細(xì)胞毒性(cdc)或來自抗體-藥物偶聯(lián)物(adc)有效載荷的直接細(xì)胞毒性活性。發(fā)明概述本發(fā)明基于嵌合受體的設(shè)計(jì),所述嵌合受體包含:對(duì)免疫球蛋白(ig)的fc部分(例如igg抗體)具有親和力和特異性的胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域、跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域、至少一個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域、和包含基于免疫受體酪氨酸的激活基序(itam)的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域。表達(dá)這種嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的免疫細(xì)胞,將通過例如增強(qiáng)adcc活性來增強(qiáng)免疫療法例如基于抗體的免疫療法的效力。因此,本技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)要素:的一個(gè)方面的特征在于嵌合受體,其包含(a)結(jié)合免疫球蛋白fc部分(fc結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域),例如結(jié)合igg的fc部分的胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域;(b)跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域;(c)至少一個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域;和(d)包含itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域。至少一個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域或包含itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域中的一個(gè),可位于如本文所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的c末端。在一些實(shí)施方案中,含itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域位于嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的c末端。在一些實(shí)施方案中,(a)是cd16(例如,cd16a或cd16b)的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,和(d)不包含fc受體的itam。在一些實(shí)施方案中,(d)是cd3ζ或fcεr1γ的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域。本文所述的任何嵌合受體可以進(jìn)一步包含(e)鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域,其可以位于(a)的c末端和(b)的n末端。在一些實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的(a)是fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,例如fc-γ受體,fc-α受體或fc-ε受體。例如,(a)可以是cd16(例如cd16a或cd16b),cd32(例如cd32a或cd32b)或cd64(例如cd64a,cd64b或cd64c)的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域。在一些實(shí)例中,(a)不是cd16的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域。在其它實(shí)施方案中,(a)是cd32(例如cd32a或cd32b)的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域。在其它實(shí)施方案中,(a)是能夠結(jié)合于ig分子(例如igg分子)的fc部分的非fc受體的天然存在的蛋白質(zhì)。例如,(a)可以是蛋白a或蛋白g的全部或部分?;蛘?,(a)可以是結(jié)合于igg分子的fc部分的抗體片段,其中包括但不限于:單鏈可變片段(scfv)、或結(jié)構(gòu)域抗體、納米抗體。在其它實(shí)施方案中,(a)是經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)的(例如非天然存在的)肽,所述肽能夠結(jié)合于igg分子的fc部分的,包括kunitz結(jié)構(gòu)域肽、小模塊免疫藥物(smip)、adnectin、avimer、親和體(affibody)、darpin或anticalin。替代性地或額外地,(b)的嵌合受體的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域可以是單通膜蛋白,包括但不限于:cd8α、cd8β、4-1bb、cd28、cd34、cd4、fcεriγ、cd16(例如cd16a或cd16b)、ox40、cd3ζ、cd3ε、cd3γ、cd3δ、tcrα、cd32(例如cd32a或cd32b)、cd64(例如、cd64a、cd64b、或cd64c)、vegfr2、fas、和fgfr2b.在一些實(shí)例中、膜蛋白不是cd8α??缒そY(jié)構(gòu)域也可以是非天然存在的疏水蛋白片段。在本文所述的任何嵌合受體構(gòu)建物中,本文所述的嵌合受體的至少一個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域可以是共刺激分子,例如4-1bb(也稱為cd137)、cd28、cd28ll→gg變體、ox40、icos、cd27、gitr、hvem、tim1、lfa1或cd2。在一些實(shí)例中,至少一個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域不是來自4-1bb。在一些實(shí)例中,嵌合受體包含兩個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域,例如cd28和4-1bb,或cd28ll→gg變體和4-1bb。在本文所述的任何嵌合受體中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域可以是來自蛋白質(zhì),例如cd8α或igg。例如,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域可以是cd8α的跨膜或鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域的片段。在一些實(shí)例中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域不是cd8α的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域。在一些實(shí)例中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是非天然存在的肽,例如由不同長度的親水性殘基(xten)或(gly4ser)n多肽組成的多肽,其中n是3-12(含端點(diǎn))的整數(shù)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的任何嵌合受體可以進(jìn)一步在其n末端包含信號(hào)肽,例如cd8α的信號(hào)肽,其可以包含seqidno:61所示的氨基酸序列。本文所述的嵌合受體的實(shí)例,可包含如表3、表4和表5中所示的組分(a)-(e)。在一些實(shí)例中,所述嵌合受體包含選自seqidno:2-30和32-56所示的氨基酸序列,或其排除了參考序列的信號(hào)肽的片段。在具體實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的嵌合受體可以包含f158fcgr3a(f158cd16a)或v158fcgr3a變體(v158cd16a)的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域。這樣的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域可分別包含seqidno:70和seqidno:57所示的氨基酸序列。在其他具體實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的嵌合受體可以包含cd8α的鉸鏈和跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域,其可以包含seqidno:58所示的氨基酸序列。替代性地或額外地,本文所述的嵌合受體可包含4-1bb的共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域,其可包含seqidno:59所示的氨基酸序列。在其它具體實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的嵌合受體可以包含cd3ζ的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域,其可以包含seqidno:60所示的氨基酸序列。在一些實(shí)例中,本文所述的嵌合受體不是受體,它包含cd8α的信號(hào)肽、f158cd16a或v158cd16a的細(xì)胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域,cd8α的鉸鏈和跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域、4-1bb的共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域的和cd3ζ的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域。在具體實(shí)例中,本文所述的嵌合受體不包含seqidno:1或seqidno:31所示的氨基酸序列。在另一方面,本發(fā)明特征在于一核酸(例如dna分子或rna分子),所述核酸包含編碼本文所述的任一嵌合受體的核苷酸序列;包含所述核酸的載體(例如,表達(dá)載體);和宿主細(xì)胞(例如,免疫細(xì)胞,例如天然殺傷細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞和t細(xì)胞)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述載體是病毒載體,例如慢病毒載體或逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒載體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,載體是轉(zhuǎn)座子或含有轉(zhuǎn)座子。在一些實(shí)施方案中,表達(dá)本文所述的任何嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞是t淋巴細(xì)胞或nk細(xì)胞,它們都可以在體外被激活和/或擴(kuò)增。在一些實(shí)例中,t淋巴細(xì)胞或nk細(xì)胞是從患有癌癥的患者(例如,人類患者)分離的自體t淋巴細(xì)胞或自體nk細(xì)胞。在一些實(shí)例中,t淋巴細(xì)胞或nk細(xì)胞是同種異體t淋巴細(xì)胞或同種異體nk細(xì)胞。t淋巴細(xì)胞可以是同種異體t淋巴細(xì)胞,其中內(nèi)源性t細(xì)胞受體的表達(dá)已被抑制或消除。替代性地或額外地,t淋巴細(xì)胞可在一種或多種選自抗cd3/cd28、il-2和植物凝集素的試劑存在下被活化。nk細(xì)胞可以在一種或多種選自下組的試劑存在下被活化:cd137配體蛋白、cd137抗體、il-15蛋白、il-15受體抗體、il-2蛋白、il-12蛋白、il-21蛋白和k562細(xì)胞系。在另一方面,本文描述的藥物組合物包含(a)本文所述的任何核酸或宿主細(xì)胞,和(b)藥學(xué)上可接受的載體。在一些實(shí)例中,所述組合物還可包含含fc的蛋白質(zhì),例如抗體(例如igg抗體)或fc融合蛋白。在一些實(shí)例中,抗體對(duì)癌細(xì)胞具有細(xì)胞毒性。這樣的抗體可以包含與人cd16(fcgr3a)結(jié)合的人或人源化的fc部分。治療性抗體,包括但不限于:阿達(dá)木單抗(adalimumab)、曲妥珠單抗-美金剛偶聯(lián)物(ado-trastuzumabemtansine)、阿侖單抗(alemtuzumab)、巴利昔單抗(basiliximab)、貝伐單抗(bevacizumab)、貝利木單抗(belimumab)、本妥昔單抗(brentuximab)、卡那單抗(canakinumab)、西妥昔單抗(cetuximab)、達(dá)利珠單抗(daclizumab)、地諾單抗(denosumab)、地努單抗(dinutuximab)、依庫珠單抗(eculizumab)、依法珠單抗(efalizumab)、依帕珠單抗(epratuzumab)、吉妥株單抗(gemtuzumab)、戈利木單抗(golimumab)、英利昔單抗(infliximab)、易普利單抗(ipilimumab)、拉貝珠單抗(labetuzumab)、那他珠單抗(natalizumab)、阿托株單抗(obinutuzumab)、奧法木單抗(ofatumumab)、奧馬珠單抗(omalizumab)、帕利珠單抗(palivizumab)、帕尼單抗(panitumumab)、帕妥珠單抗(pertuzumab)、雷莫蘆單抗(ramucirumab)、利妥昔單抗(ritutimab)、托西珠單抗(tocilizumab)、曲妥珠單抗(tratuzumab)、伏特克單抗(ustekinumab)、或維多珠單抗(vedolizumab)。本文還提供一試劑盒,其包含(a)第一藥物組合物,所述第一藥物組合物包含本文所述的任一核酸或宿主細(xì)胞和藥學(xué)上可接受的載體;和(b)第二藥物組合物,所述第二藥物組合物包含含fc蛋白例如抗體(例如igg抗體)或fc融合蛋白(例如本文所述的那些)和藥學(xué)上可接受的載體。此外,本發(fā)明提供了用于在受試者中增強(qiáng)抗體依賴性細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性(adcc)的方法。該方法包括:給予需要治療的受試者(例如,人類癌癥患者)有效量的表達(dá)本文提供的任何嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞。在一些實(shí)施方案中,宿主細(xì)胞是免疫細(xì)胞,例如天然殺傷細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、t細(xì)胞或其組合。在一些實(shí)例中,所述宿主免疫細(xì)胞是自體的。在其他實(shí)施例中,宿主免疫細(xì)胞是同種異體的。任何宿主免疫細(xì)胞可以在體外被活化,擴(kuò)增或兼而有之。受試者可以通過抗癌抗體進(jìn)行治療,所述抗癌抗體可以包括結(jié)合于人cd16的人或人源化的fc部分。所述受試者可以是患有癌癥,例如癌(carcinoma)、淋巴瘤、肉瘤、胚細(xì)胞瘤和白血病的患者。例如,所述病人可能具有b細(xì)胞起源的癌癥、乳腺癌、胃癌、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤、骨肉瘤、肺癌、黑色素瘤、前列腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、腎細(xì)胞癌、卵巢癌、橫紋肌肉瘤、白血病和霍奇金淋巴瘤。b細(xì)胞來源的癌癥包括但不限于:b-系急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病、b細(xì)胞慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病、和b細(xì)胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤。在另一方面,本發(fā)明涉及用于增強(qiáng)基于抗體的免疫治療的功效的方法。該方法包括:將有效量的表達(dá)本文提供的任何嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞,施用于已經(jīng)用治療性抗體(例如,本文所述的任何治療性抗體)治療或正在治療的受試者。示例性宿主免疫細(xì)胞包括但不限于:天然殺傷細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、t細(xì)胞或其組合。在一些實(shí)例中,宿主免疫細(xì)胞是自體的。在其他實(shí)施例中,宿主免疫細(xì)胞是同種異體的。任何宿主免疫細(xì)胞可以體外被活化,擴(kuò)增或兼而有之。在一些實(shí)例中,攜帶嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞與含fc的蛋白質(zhì)(例如本文所述的那些)共同施用。在一些實(shí)例中,攜帶嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞在含fc的蛋白質(zhì)之前或之后施用。在一些實(shí)例中,首先施用攜帶嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞,然后逐步施用含fc的蛋白質(zhì)以增加濃度,直到觀察到治療反應(yīng)。在本文提供的任何方法中,受試者可以是患有癌癥的人類患者,并且治療性抗體是用于治療癌癥的。在一些實(shí)例中,所述癌癥是淋巴瘤、乳腺癌、胃癌、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤、骨肉瘤、肺癌、皮膚癌、前列腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、腎細(xì)胞癌、卵巢癌、橫紋肌肉瘤、白血病、間皮瘤、胰腺癌、頭頸癌、視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤、成膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤或甲狀腺癌。還在本發(fā)明的范圍內(nèi)的是(a)用于在有需要的受試者(例如人類癌癥患者)中增強(qiáng)adcc活性和/或增強(qiáng)抗體治療的功效的藥物組合物,所述藥物組合物包含如本文所述的免疫細(xì)胞和藥學(xué)上可接受的載體,所述免疫細(xì)胞表達(dá)本文所述的任何嵌合受體構(gòu)建物;和(b)這樣的免疫細(xì)胞在用于制備用于所需治療的藥物中的用途。任何藥物組合物可進(jìn)一步包含或與含fc的治療劑(例如抗體或fc融合蛋白)共同使用。此外,本發(fā)明提供了用于制備表達(dá)如本文所述的嵌合受體的免疫細(xì)胞的方法。該方法包括:(i)提供免疫細(xì)胞群;(ii)向所述免疫細(xì)胞中引入載體(例如,病毒載體例如慢病毒載體或逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒載體,轉(zhuǎn)座子或含有轉(zhuǎn)座子序列的載體)或編碼本文提供的任何嵌合受體的裸核酸(例如mrna);和(iii)在允許嵌合受體表達(dá)的條件下,培養(yǎng)所述免疫細(xì)胞。這種方法可以進(jìn)一步包括:(iv)活化所述表達(dá)嵌合受體的免疫細(xì)胞。在免疫細(xì)胞包含t細(xì)胞的實(shí)例中,t細(xì)胞可在抗cd3抗體、抗cd28抗體、il-2和植物凝集素中的一種或多種的存在下進(jìn)行活化??梢詫?duì)t細(xì)胞進(jìn)行工程化,使得內(nèi)源性t細(xì)胞受體的表達(dá)被抑制或消除。在免疫細(xì)胞包含天然殺傷細(xì)胞的實(shí)例中,天然殺傷細(xì)胞可在4-1bb配體、抗4-1bb抗體、il-15、抗il-15受體抗體、il-2、il-12、il-21和k562細(xì)胞中的一種或多種的存在下被活化。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述免疫細(xì)胞群體源自外周血單核細(xì)胞(pbmc)。示例性免疫細(xì)胞包括但不限于:天然殺傷細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、t細(xì)胞或其組合。在一些實(shí)施方案中,免疫細(xì)胞(例如,pbmc)源自人類癌癥患者。在一些實(shí)施方案中,免疫細(xì)胞衍生自人供體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述免疫細(xì)胞分化于源自人類患者或人類供體的干細(xì)胞或干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述免疫細(xì)胞是已構(gòu)建的細(xì)胞系,例如nk-92細(xì)胞。在本文提供的任何方法中,可以通過慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)、逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)、dna電穿孔或rna電穿孔,將載體引入免疫細(xì)胞。在其他實(shí)例中,可以將編碼本文所述的嵌合受體的rna分子引入免疫細(xì)胞中,用于表達(dá)。在下面的描述中,闡述了本發(fā)明的一個(gè)或多個(gè)實(shí)施例的細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)若干實(shí)施例的詳細(xì)描述以及所附權(quán)利要求,本發(fā)明的其它特征或優(yōu)點(diǎn)將顯而易見。附圖說明以下附圖形成本說明書的一部分并且被包括,以進(jìn)一步闡明本發(fā)明的某些方面。通過參考一個(gè)或多個(gè)這些附圖并結(jié)合這里給出的具體實(shí)施例的詳細(xì)描述,可以更好地理解本發(fā)明。圖1是顯示在t細(xì)胞中cd16v-bb-ζ受體表達(dá)的圖。a:cd16v-bb-ζ受體構(gòu)建物的示意圖。b:顯示外周血t淋巴細(xì)胞中cd16v-bb-ζ受體表達(dá)的圖。流式細(xì)胞點(diǎn)圖顯示了,用含有單獨(dú)gfp(對(duì)照)或gfp和cd16v-bb-ζ的載體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的活化t淋巴細(xì)胞中的cd16(b73.1抗體)與gfp或cd3ζ的組合的表達(dá)情況。顯示了每個(gè)象限中陽性細(xì)胞的百分比。c:顯示來自用單獨(dú)gfp或用cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞裂解物的代表性蛋白質(zhì)印跡的照片。用抗cd3ζ抗體探測膜。圖2顯示了t細(xì)胞亞群中cd16v-bb-ζ受體的表達(dá)。a:用僅含gfp(對(duì)照)的載體和含有cd16v-bb-ζ構(gòu)建物的載體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的活化cd3+t淋巴細(xì)胞。通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù),在cd4+和cd8+細(xì)胞中測試cd16的表達(dá)。點(diǎn)圖顯示了一個(gè)代表性實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。b:用來自3個(gè)供體的t淋巴細(xì)胞(p=n.s.)獲得的結(jié)果的總結(jié)(平均值±sd)。圖3顯示cd16v-bb-ζ受體的抗體結(jié)合能力。a:用含有g(shù)fp(對(duì)照)或gfp和cd16v-bb-ζ的載體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的并與利妥昔單抗孵育30分鐘的t淋巴細(xì)胞;用偶聯(lián)于藻紅蛋白的山羊抗人igg抗體(gahigg)和流式細(xì)胞術(shù),顯現(xiàn)結(jié)合到細(xì)胞表面的抗體的量。b:用利妥昔單抗(rituximab)孵育30分鐘的用cd16v-bb-ζ(v158)或cd16f-bb-ζ(f158)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的jurkat細(xì)胞。該圖比較了gfp的平均熒光強(qiáng)度(mfi)和用表達(dá)兩種受體的細(xì)胞獲得的gahigg的mfi之間的關(guān)系。c:在利妥昔單抗存在下,用與鈣黃綠素am橙紅標(biāo)記的daudi細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)的、用cd16v-bb-ζ模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)或轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的jurkat細(xì)胞。在每個(gè)點(diǎn)圖的右上象限中量化細(xì)胞聚集體。d:圖c中所示的聚集測定的總結(jié)。柱顯示3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均值±sd。在利妥昔單抗(“ab”)存在下,用cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的jurkat細(xì)胞所測得的聚集性,顯著高于在3種其他培養(yǎng)條件下測量的聚集性(在t檢驗(yàn)時(shí),p<0.001)。圖4顯示了cd16v-bb-ζ和cd16v-bb-ζ受體結(jié)合于曲妥珠單抗和人igg的相對(duì)能力。用曲妥珠單抗或人igg孵育用cd16v-bb-ζ(v158;黑色符號(hào))或cd16f-bb-ζ(f158;白色符號(hào))轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的jurkat細(xì)胞30分鐘。該圖比較了gfp的平均熒光強(qiáng)度(mfi)與用表達(dá)任一受體的細(xì)胞所獲得的偶聯(lián)于pe的山羊抗人(gah)igg的mfi之間的關(guān)系(對(duì)于曲妥珠單抗和igg兩者,p<0.0001)。圖5表明,與cd16v-bb-ζ受體結(jié)合的免疫球蛋白可誘導(dǎo)t細(xì)胞活化、溶胞顆粒的胞吐作用和細(xì)胞增殖。a:用包含gfp(對(duì)照)或gfp和cd16v-bb-ζ的載體所轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞,在沒有il-2的情況下,在涂有利妥昔單抗的微量滴定板中培養(yǎng)48小時(shí);通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測量cd25的表達(dá)。b:a中所示的測試結(jié)果的總結(jié),柱顯示了gfp+細(xì)胞中的cd25表達(dá)(來自3個(gè)供體的t細(xì)胞的實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均值±sd);在利妥昔單抗(“ab”)存在下,用cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞中的cd25表達(dá),顯著高于其他實(shí)驗(yàn)條件(p≤0.003)。c:用含有g(shù)fp(對(duì)照)或gfp和cd16v-bb-ζ的載體所轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的來自4個(gè)供體的t淋巴細(xì)胞,如a那樣(n=3)或與daudi細(xì)胞一起(n=3)培養(yǎng)4小時(shí);通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測量cd107a染色。柱顯示6個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均值±sd;在利妥昔單抗(“ab”)存在下,用cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞中的cd107a表達(dá),顯著高于其他實(shí)驗(yàn)條件(p<0.0001)。d:單獨(dú)培養(yǎng)的模擬對(duì)照(mock)或cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞,或與daudi細(xì)胞一起或不與daudi細(xì)胞一起并與利妥昔單抗一起培養(yǎng)長達(dá)4周。符號(hào)表示與輸入細(xì)胞數(shù)目相比的細(xì)胞回收百分比(來自3個(gè)供體的t細(xì)胞的實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均值±sd)。圖6顯示了體外cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的抗體依賴性細(xì)胞毒性。a:在相應(yīng)抗體存在下,由模擬對(duì)照或cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞所介導(dǎo)的針對(duì)癌細(xì)胞系的細(xì)胞毒性的代表性實(shí)例。每個(gè)符號(hào)表示一式三份培養(yǎng)物的平均值(對(duì)于所有3個(gè)比較,通過配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),p<0.01)。全套數(shù)據(jù)如圖7所示。b:在與或不與利妥昔單抗(“ab”)的情況下,模擬或cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞對(duì)來自患有慢性淋巴細(xì)胞性白血病(cll)患者的原發(fā)細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性。每個(gè)柱(對(duì)于每個(gè)患者具有不同的陰影)對(duì)應(yīng)于在2:1e:t比例下一式三份的4小時(shí)測定中所測定的平均(±sd)的細(xì)胞毒性。使用cd16v-bb-ζt細(xì)胞和抗體時(shí)的細(xì)胞毒性,顯著高于在任何其他3種條件下所測量的細(xì)胞毒性(通過t檢驗(yàn),p<0.0001);使用模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t細(xì)胞,添加抗體可增加細(xì)胞毒性(p=0.016);所有其他比較:p>0.05。c:在間充質(zhì)基質(zhì)細(xì)胞(msc)存在下,在1:2的e:t比例下24小時(shí)后,對(duì)圖b中測試的相同cll樣品的細(xì)胞毒性。每個(gè)柱對(duì)應(yīng)于兩次測試的平均值。與單獨(dú)抗體(p=0.0002)或單獨(dú)細(xì)胞(p<0.0001)相比,cd16v-bb-ζt細(xì)胞加抗體的細(xì)胞毒性顯著更高;單用抗體的細(xì)胞毒性,顯著高于單用細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性(p=0.0045)。圖7顯示了4小時(shí)體外細(xì)胞毒性測定的累積結(jié)果。對(duì)照或cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞與所示細(xì)胞系一起,并且與非反應(yīng)性人免疫球蛋白(“noab”)或相應(yīng)抗體(“ab”)共培養(yǎng)。這是用于daudi和ramos的利妥昔單抗,用于mcf-7、skbr-3和mkn-7的曲妥珠單抗,用于chla-255、nb1691、sk-n-sh和u-2os的hu14.18k322a。顯示了與在無t細(xì)胞和/或抗體的情況下培養(yǎng)的腫瘤細(xì)胞相比,在2:1比率(對(duì)于chla-255為4:1)下的細(xì)胞毒性。結(jié)果對(duì)應(yīng)于t淋巴細(xì)胞的一式三次重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均(±sd)細(xì)胞毒性,其中對(duì)于nb1691和sk-br-3,t淋巴細(xì)胞來自3個(gè)供體;對(duì)于其他細(xì)胞系,t淋巴細(xì)胞來自1個(gè)供體;daudi的結(jié)果,是來自2個(gè)供體的一式三次測量和來自4個(gè)額外供體的t淋巴細(xì)胞的單次測量的平均(±sd)細(xì)胞毒性。當(dāng)不存在t細(xì)胞的情況下加入培養(yǎng)物中時(shí),利妥昔單抗、曲妥單抗或hu14.18k322a的平均細(xì)胞毒性小于10%。圖8表明cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性是強(qiáng)大的、特異性的,并且不受未結(jié)合的igg的影響。a:在非反應(yīng)性人免疫球蛋白(“noab”)或hu14.18k322a抗體(“ab”)下,與神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系nb1691共培養(yǎng)24小時(shí)的cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞。結(jié)果對(duì)應(yīng)于一式三份實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均(±sd)細(xì)胞毒性。即使在1:8的e:t比例(p=0.0002)下,與單用cd16v-bb-ζt細(xì)胞相比,cd16v-bb-ζ細(xì)胞加上hu14.18k322a抗體的細(xì)胞毒性仍然顯著更高。b:在利妥昔單抗或非反應(yīng)性抗體曲妥珠單抗或hu14.18k322a存在下,在2:1的e:t比例下,與b細(xì)胞淋巴瘤細(xì)胞系daudi共培養(yǎng)的模擬對(duì)照或cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞。結(jié)果對(duì)應(yīng)于一式三份實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均(±sd)細(xì)胞毒性(“對(duì)照”結(jié)果是每種抗體的一式三份實(shí)驗(yàn)的匯總)。利妥昔單抗的細(xì)胞毒性顯著高于所有其他實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下的細(xì)胞毒性(對(duì)于所有比較,p<0.0001)。c:在各種不同濃度的免疫治療抗體和競爭性未結(jié)合的igg(同時(shí)加到抗體中)存在下,表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζt的淋巴細(xì)胞,在8:1的e:t比例下,對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞系的細(xì)胞毒性。符號(hào)對(duì)應(yīng)于每種抗體濃度的至少三次測量的平均值(±sd)。對(duì)于每個(gè)細(xì)胞系,細(xì)胞毒性沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,不管存在的未結(jié)合的igg的量。圖9顯示了表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞,在體內(nèi)發(fā)揮抗腫瘤活性。用3×105帶有熒光素酶標(biāo)記daudi細(xì)胞,對(duì)nod-scid-il2rgnull小鼠進(jìn)行腹腔注射。從第4天開始,每周一次,共4周,用利妥昔單抗(150μg)進(jìn)行腹膜內(nèi)注射。在4只小鼠中,沒有給予其它治療,而在其它5只小鼠中,第一次利妥昔單抗注射后,接著在第5天和第6天在腹膜內(nèi)注射表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞(1×107ip;n=5);其他2組4只小鼠各自接受腹膜注射rpmi-1640(替代利妥昔單抗)然后接受cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞,或腹膜注射僅rpmi-1640培養(yǎng)基(“對(duì)照”)。a:腫瘤生長的體內(nèi)成像的結(jié)果。每個(gè)符號(hào)對(duì)應(yīng)于一個(gè)生物發(fā)光測量;線連接一只小鼠中的所有測量。b:對(duì)于每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)條件,顯示代表性小鼠(每組2只)。以增強(qiáng)的靈敏度處理第3天的腹部圖像,以顯示在cd16v-bb-ζ+利妥昔單抗組的小鼠中腫瘤的存在。當(dāng)生物發(fā)光達(dá)到5×1010光子/秒時(shí),將小鼠安樂死。c:不同治療組中小鼠的總體存活率比較。圖10證實(shí)了表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)發(fā)揮抗腫瘤活性。用3×105帶有熒光素酶標(biāo)記nb1691細(xì)胞,對(duì)nod-scid-il2rgnull小鼠進(jìn)行腹腔注射。從第5天開始,每周一次,共4周,腹膜內(nèi)注射hu14.18k322a抗體(25μg)。在4只小鼠中,沒有給予其他治療;而在另外4只小鼠中,在第一抗體注射后接著在第6天和第7天腹膜內(nèi)注射表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞(1×107ip;n=4);其他2組4只小鼠各自接受腹膜注射rpmi-1640(代替抗體)然后接受cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞,或腹膜注射僅rpmi-1640培養(yǎng)基(“對(duì)照”)。a:腫瘤生長的體內(nèi)成像的結(jié)果。每個(gè)符號(hào)對(duì)應(yīng)于一個(gè)生物發(fā)光測量;線連接一只小鼠中的所有測量。b:對(duì)于每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)條件的所有小鼠的圖像。當(dāng)生物發(fā)光達(dá)到1×1010光子/秒時(shí),將小鼠安樂死。c:不同治療組中小鼠的總體存活率比較。圖11顯示了表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ和cd16f-bb-ζ受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞之間的功能差異。a:流式細(xì)胞點(diǎn)圖顯示了,在cd16v-bb-ζ或cd16f-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞中,cd16(用b73.1抗體檢測)和綠色熒光蛋白(gfp)的表達(dá)。顯示了每個(gè)象限中陽性細(xì)胞的百分比。b:分別在利妥昔單抗、曲妥珠單抗和hu14.18k322a存在下,與daudi、sk-br-3或nb1691一起培養(yǎng)的用cd16v或cd16f受體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞。所有抗體以0.1μg/ml使用。符號(hào)表示與輸入細(xì)胞數(shù)相比的細(xì)胞回收百分比(3次實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均值±sd);對(duì)于所有3種培養(yǎng)物(daudi,p=0.0007;sk-br-3,p=0.0164;nb1691,p=0.022),通過配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),培養(yǎng)物第1-3周的細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)是顯著不同的。c:在各種濃度的利妥昔單抗存在下,由表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ或cd16f-bb-ζ受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞所介導(dǎo)的抗daudi細(xì)胞的抗體依賴性細(xì)胞毒性。每個(gè)符號(hào)表示在8:1(左)或2:1(右)的e:t比例下,一式三份培養(yǎng)物的平均值±sd。具有cd16v-bb-ζ的t細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性,顯著高于具有cd16f-bb-ζ的t細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性(p<0.001,對(duì)于任一種e:t而言)。圖12顯示本研究中使用的cd16嵌合受體的示意圖。圖13顯示具有不同信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域的cd16v受體的表達(dá)。流式細(xì)胞點(diǎn)圖顯示了,在用含單獨(dú)的綠色熒光蛋白(gfp)(對(duì)照)或不同的cd16v構(gòu)建物的載體所轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的活化的t淋巴細(xì)胞中,與gfp組合的cd16表達(dá)情況(用3g8抗體檢測)。示出了每個(gè)象限中陽性細(xì)胞的百分比。圖14顯示,與具有不同信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)性質(zhì)的cd16v受體相比,cd16v-bb-ζ引起更高的t細(xì)胞活化、增殖和細(xì)胞毒性。a:通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)獲得的與daudi細(xì)胞和利妥昔單抗(0.1μg/ml)共培養(yǎng)48小時(shí)后表達(dá)不同嵌合受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞中的cd25平均熒光強(qiáng)度(mfi)相對(duì)于綠色熒光蛋白(gfp)mfi的作圖。使用cd16v-bb-ζ的cd25表達(dá),顯著高于由cd16v-ζ/cd16v-fcεriγ或不具有信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)能力的cd16v(“cd16v-截短型”)所激發(fā)的cd25表達(dá)(p<0.0001,通過線性回歸分析)。b:分別在利妥昔單抗、曲妥株單抗和hu14.18k322a存在下,與daudi、sk-br-3或nb1691細(xì)胞一起培養(yǎng)用各種不同cd16v受體所轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞。所有抗體以0.1μg/ml使用。符號(hào)表示與輸入細(xì)胞數(shù)相比的細(xì)胞回收百分比(3次實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均值±sd);通過對(duì)所有3種培養(yǎng)物的配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),使用cd16v-bb-ζ受體的1-3周細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)物的細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),比所有其他受體的細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)顯著更高(p<0.0001)。c:分別在利妥昔單抗、曲妥株單抗和hu14.18k322a存在下,表達(dá)各種不同cd16v受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞或模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t細(xì)胞,針對(duì)daudi、sk-br-3和nb1691的adcc。符號(hào)是在所示的e:t比例下三份培養(yǎng)物的平均值±sd。cd16v-bb-ζ受體的細(xì)胞毒性顯著高于那些使用所有其他受體的細(xì)胞毒性(在所有比較中,通過t檢驗(yàn),p<0.0001),而模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的或用cd16v截短型受體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的淋巴細(xì)胞,相互之間的細(xì)胞毒性沒有顯著差異(p>0.05);對(duì)于daudi(p=0.006)和sk-br-3(p=0.019)而言,cd16v-fcεriγ的細(xì)胞毒性顯著高于cd3-ζ;表達(dá)任一受體的淋巴細(xì)胞,與模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的或用cd16v截短型轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的淋巴細(xì)胞相比,具有更高的細(xì)胞毒性(對(duì)于所有比較,p<0.01)。圖15顯示了通過mrna電穿孔進(jìn)行cd16v-bb-ζ受體的表達(dá)。a:活化的t淋巴細(xì)胞使用cd16v-bb-ζmrna或不使用mrna(對(duì)照)進(jìn)行電穿孔;24小時(shí)后,通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測試cd16的表達(dá)。b:在利妥昔單抗存在下,測試模擬對(duì)照或cd16v-bb-ζ電穿孔的t細(xì)胞對(duì)ramos細(xì)胞系的細(xì)胞毒性。符號(hào)顯示平均值±sd表示的百分比細(xì)胞毒性(n=3;p<0.01,對(duì)于在所有e:t比率下比較)。圖16顯示了rituxan與表達(dá)和不表達(dá)seqidno:1所示的嵌合受體的jurkat細(xì)胞的結(jié)合情況。在沒有mrna(圖a)或編碼seqidno:1所示的嵌合受體mrna(圖b)存在下,對(duì)jurkat細(xì)胞進(jìn)行電穿孔,與rituxan孵育,用pe標(biāo)記的山羊抗人抗體染色以檢測結(jié)合的rituxan,并通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析。在圖a和b中,將相同的象限門應(yīng)用于每組數(shù)據(jù),并且顯示每個(gè)象限中的細(xì)胞百分比,其中右上象限表示rituxan陽性細(xì)胞。在圖c中,將細(xì)胞數(shù)進(jìn)行作圖,其作為模擬電穿孔細(xì)胞(無填充)和用編碼seqidno:1所示的嵌合受體的mrna電穿孔的細(xì)胞(灰色)的rituxan染色的函數(shù)。圖17顯示了,在rituxan和靶daudi細(xì)胞存在下,在表達(dá)或不表達(dá)seqidno:1所示的嵌合受體的jurkat細(xì)胞上cd25的存在情況。在沒有mrna(圖a)或編碼seqidno:1所示的嵌合受體的mrna的存在下(圖17b),對(duì)jurkat細(xì)胞進(jìn)行電穿孔,隨后與rituxan和靶daudi細(xì)胞一起溫育。用pe標(biāo)記的抗cd7抗體,對(duì)細(xì)胞染色以分開jurkat細(xì)胞,用apc標(biāo)記的抗c25抗體染色檢測cd25表達(dá),并通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析。cd7陽性細(xì)胞顯示在圖a和b中,并且相同的象限門應(yīng)用于每組數(shù)據(jù)。示出了每個(gè)象限中細(xì)胞的百分比,右上象限代表cd25陽性細(xì)胞。圖c顯示來自相同實(shí)驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù)的直方圖。對(duì)cd7陽性細(xì)胞的數(shù)目進(jìn)行作圖,其作為模擬電穿孔細(xì)胞(無填充)和用編碼seqidno:1所示的嵌合受體的mrna電穿孔的細(xì)胞數(shù)(灰色)的cd25染色的函數(shù),其中作為cd25染色的函數(shù)進(jìn)行作圖。圖18顯示在rituxan和靶daudi細(xì)胞存在下,在表達(dá)或不表達(dá)seqidno:1所示的嵌合受體的jurkat細(xì)胞上cd69的存在情況。在沒有mrna(圖a)或編碼seqidno:1的mrna存在下(圖b),對(duì)jurkat細(xì)胞進(jìn)行電穿孔,隨后與rituxan和靶daudi細(xì)胞一起孵育。用pe標(biāo)記的抗cd7抗體對(duì)細(xì)胞染色以分開jurkat細(xì)胞,用apc標(biāo)記的抗c69抗體檢測cd69表達(dá),并通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析。cd7陽性細(xì)胞顯示在圖a和b中,并且相同的象限門應(yīng)用于每組數(shù)據(jù)。示出了每個(gè)象限中細(xì)胞的百分比,右上象限代表cd69陽性細(xì)胞。圖c顯示來自相同實(shí)驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù)的直方圖。對(duì)于模擬電穿孔細(xì)胞(無填充)和用編碼seqidno:1所示的嵌合受體的mrna電穿孔的細(xì)胞(灰色),將cd7陽性細(xì)胞的數(shù)目作為cd69染色的函數(shù)進(jìn)行作圖。圖19顯示嵌合受體的代表性抗cd3ζ蛋白質(zhì)印跡分析。jurkat細(xì)胞在不用mrna(泳道1)或用編碼以下嵌合受體的mrna進(jìn)行電穿孔:seqidno:1(泳道2)、seqidno:3(泳道3)、seqidno:10(泳道4)、seqidno:11(泳道5)、seqidno:14(泳道6)、seqidno:2(泳道7)、seqidno:4(泳道8)、seqidno:5(泳道9)、seqidno:7(泳道10)、seqidno:8(泳道11)、seqidno:9(泳道12)或seqidno:6(泳道13)。收集細(xì)胞,裂解,并通過使用抗cd3ζ抗體的western印跡分析進(jìn)行分析。在用嵌合受體mrna電穿孔的所有細(xì)胞的裂解物中,檢測嵌合受體蛋白。發(fā)明詳述基于抗體的免疫療法用于治療多種不同疾病,其中包括許多類型的癌癥。這樣的療法通常取決于識(shí)別在需要消除的細(xì)胞(例如,靶細(xì)胞,例如癌細(xì)胞)上相對(duì)于正常細(xì)胞(例如,非癌細(xì)胞)存在差異表達(dá)的細(xì)胞表面分子(weiner等人cell(2012)148(6):1081-1084)。幾種基于抗體的免疫治療,已經(jīng)在體外顯示了促進(jìn)抗體依賴性細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的針對(duì)靶細(xì)胞(例如癌細(xì)胞)的細(xì)胞毒性,并且某種程度上,通常認(rèn)為這也是體內(nèi)作用機(jī)制。adcc是細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的先天免疫機(jī)制,由此免疫系統(tǒng)的效應(yīng)子細(xì)胞,例如天然殺傷(nk)細(xì)胞、t細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞或嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞,會(huì)主動(dòng)裂解被特異性抗體識(shí)別的靶細(xì)胞(例如癌細(xì)胞)。本文所述的嵌合受體將具有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。例如,通過結(jié)合fc的細(xì)胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域,本文所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物可以結(jié)合于抗體或其他含fc分子的fc部分,而不是直接結(jié)合于特異性靶抗原(例如癌抗原)。因此,表達(dá)本文所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的免疫細(xì)胞,將能夠誘導(dǎo)被抗體或其他含fc分子所結(jié)合的任何類型的細(xì)胞發(fā)生細(xì)胞死亡。本發(fā)明提供了能夠結(jié)合含fc的分子(例如抗體或fc融合蛋白)的嵌合受體、表達(dá)所述嵌合受體的免疫細(xì)胞、以及使用所述免疫細(xì)胞增強(qiáng)針對(duì)靶細(xì)胞(例如癌細(xì)胞)的adcc效應(yīng)的方法。如本文所用,嵌合受體是指可以在宿主細(xì)胞表面上表達(dá)、并且包含能夠結(jié)合于含有fc部分的靶分子的胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域和一個(gè)或多個(gè)用于觸發(fā)表達(dá)所述嵌合受體的免疫細(xì)胞的效應(yīng)子功能的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域的非天然存在的分子,其中嵌合受體的至少兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域衍生自不同的分子。含fc的分子(例如抗體蛋白)可以結(jié)合到靶標(biāo),例如靶細(xì)胞(例如癌細(xì)胞)表面上的細(xì)胞表面分子、受體或碳水化合物。表達(dá)能夠結(jié)合這種含fc的分子的受體(例如本文所述的嵌合受體分子)的免疫細(xì)胞,可識(shí)別靶細(xì)胞結(jié)合的抗體,并且該受體/抗體結(jié)合可刺激免疫細(xì)胞以執(zhí)行效應(yīng)子功能,例如釋放細(xì)胞毒性顆?;虮磉_(dá)細(xì)胞死亡誘導(dǎo)分子,從而導(dǎo)致被含fc的分子識(shí)別的靶細(xì)胞發(fā)生細(xì)胞死亡。術(shù)語“約”或“大約”是指處于由本領(lǐng)域一般技術(shù)人員確定的特定值的可接受誤差范圍內(nèi),其將部分地取決于如何測量或確定該值,即,測量系統(tǒng)的局限性。例如,根據(jù)本領(lǐng)域的實(shí)踐,“約”可以指在可接受的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差內(nèi)?;蛘?,“約”可以表示可高達(dá)給定值的±20%,優(yōu)選高達(dá)±10%,更優(yōu)選高達(dá)±5%,和更優(yōu)選高達(dá)±1%的范圍。或者,特別是關(guān)于生物系統(tǒng)或過程,該術(shù)語可以表示在值的一個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)內(nèi),優(yōu)選在2倍內(nèi)。除非另有說明,否則在本申請(qǐng)和權(quán)利要求中描述了特定值,術(shù)語“約”是隱含的,并且在上下文中意味著在特定值的可接受的誤差范圍內(nèi)。在本發(fā)明的上下文中,只要其涉及本文所述的任何疾病病癥,術(shù)語“治療(treat)”,“治療(treatment)”等指減輕或緩解與所述病癥相關(guān)的至少一種癥狀,或減緩或逆轉(zhuǎn)這種病癥的進(jìn)展。在本發(fā)明的含義內(nèi),術(shù)語“治療”還表示阻止、延遲發(fā)作(即,疾病的臨床表現(xiàn)之前的時(shí)期)和/或降低疾病發(fā)展或惡化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。例如,對(duì)于癌癥,術(shù)語“治療”可以指消除或減少患者的腫瘤負(fù)荷,或預(yù)防、延遲或抑制轉(zhuǎn)移等。如本文所用,應(yīng)用于劑量或量的術(shù)語“治療有效的”是指化合物或藥物組合物(例如,包含免疫細(xì)胞例如t淋巴細(xì)胞和/或nk細(xì)胞的組合物)的量,其含有本發(fā)明的嵌合受體并任選地進(jìn)一步包含腫瘤特異性細(xì)胞毒性單克隆抗體或其他包含fc部分的抗腫瘤分子(例如,由結(jié)合腫瘤表面受體的配體(例如細(xì)胞因子、免疫細(xì)胞受體)與免疫球蛋白的fc-部分或含fc的dna或rna組成的復(fù)合分子),其在施用于有需要的受試者時(shí)足以產(chǎn)生所需活性。在本
發(fā)明內(nèi)容的上下文中,術(shù)語“治療有效的”是指化合物或藥物組合物的量足以延遲通過所述方法治療的病癥的表現(xiàn),延緩進(jìn)展,緩解或減輕至少一種癥狀。注意,當(dāng)施用活性成分的組合時(shí),所述組合的有效量可以包括或可以不包括每種成分如果單獨(dú)施用時(shí)的有效量。與本發(fā)明的組合物聯(lián)用的短語“藥學(xué)上可接受的”是指這樣的組合物的分子實(shí)體和其它成分,它們是生理上可耐受的,并且當(dāng)施用于哺乳動(dòng)物(例如人)時(shí)通常不產(chǎn)生不利的反應(yīng)。優(yōu)選地,如本文所使用,術(shù)語“藥學(xué)上可接受的”是指由聯(lián)邦或州政府的管理機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)的或在美國藥典或其他公認(rèn)的藥典中列出的用于哺乳動(dòng)物,更特別地用于人的。如本文所用,術(shù)語“受試者或?qū)ο蟆笔侵溉魏尾溉閯?dòng)物。在優(yōu)選的實(shí)施方案中,受試者是人。如在本說明書和所附權(quán)利要求中所用,單數(shù)形式“一”,“一個(gè)”和“該”包括復(fù)數(shù)指代,除非上下文另有明確指示。i.嵌合受體本文所述的嵌合受體包含:對(duì)免疫球蛋白fc部分具有結(jié)合親和力和特異性的胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域(“fc結(jié)合物”)、跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域、至少一個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域和包含itam的胞質(zhì)信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域。嵌合受體被配置為:當(dāng)在宿主細(xì)胞上表達(dá)時(shí),胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域位于細(xì)胞外以結(jié)合靶分子(例如抗體或fc融合蛋白),而共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域和含itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中以用于觸發(fā)激活和/或效應(yīng)子信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物從n末端至c末端包含fc結(jié)合物、跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域、至少一個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域和含有itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域。在其它實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物從n末端至c末端包含:fc結(jié)合物、跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域、含itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域和至少一個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域。本文所述的任何嵌合受體可以進(jìn)一步包含鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域,其可以位于fc結(jié)合物的c末端和跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的n末端。替代性地或額外地,本文所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物可以含有兩個(gè)或更多個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域,其可以彼此連接或被含itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域分開。嵌合受體構(gòu)建物中的胞外fc結(jié)合物、跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域、共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域和含有itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域,可以彼此直接連接或通過肽接頭連接。在一些實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的任何嵌合受體包含位于n末端的信號(hào)序列。a.fc結(jié)合物本文所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物包含作為fc結(jié)合物的胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域,即能夠結(jié)合于合適哺乳動(dòng)物(例如人、小鼠、大鼠、山羊、綿羊或猴)的免疫球蛋白(例如igg、iga、igm或ige)的fc部分。合適的fc結(jié)合物可以衍生自天然存在的蛋白質(zhì),例如哺乳動(dòng)物fc受體或某些細(xì)菌蛋白質(zhì)(例如蛋白質(zhì)a,蛋白質(zhì)g)。另外,fc結(jié)合物可以是特定工程化以高親和力和特異性結(jié)合于本文所述的任何ig分子的fc部分的合成多肽。例如,這種fc結(jié)合物可以是特異性結(jié)合免疫球蛋白的fc部分的抗體或其抗原結(jié)合片段。實(shí)例包括但不限于:單鏈可變片段(scfv)、結(jié)構(gòu)域抗體或納米抗體。或者,fc結(jié)合物可以是特異性結(jié)合于fc部分的合成肽,例如kunitz結(jié)構(gòu)域,小模塊免疫藥物(smip),adnectin,avimer,親和體,darpin或anticalin,其可以通過篩選肽組合文庫與fc的結(jié)合活性從而鑒定出。在一些實(shí)施方案中,fc結(jié)合物是哺乳動(dòng)物fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域。如本文所用,“fc受體”是在許多免疫細(xì)胞(包括b細(xì)胞、樹突細(xì)胞、自然殺傷(nk)細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞和嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞)的表面上表達(dá)的細(xì)胞表面結(jié)合受體,并顯示對(duì)抗體的fc結(jié)構(gòu)域的結(jié)合特異性。fc受體通常包含對(duì)抗體的fc(可結(jié)晶片段)部分具有結(jié)合特異性的至少2個(gè)免疫球蛋白(ig)樣結(jié)構(gòu)域。在一些情況下,fc受體與抗體的fc部分的結(jié)合可觸發(fā)抗體依賴性細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性(adcc)效應(yīng)。用于構(gòu)建如本文所述的嵌合受體的fc受體可以是天然存在的多態(tài)性變體(例如,cd16v158變體),與野生型對(duì)應(yīng)物相比,其可以具有增加的或降低的對(duì)fc的親和力。或者,fc受體可以是野生型對(duì)應(yīng)物的功能變體,其攜帶改變對(duì)ig分子的fc部分的結(jié)合親和力的一個(gè)或多個(gè)突變(例如,可高達(dá)10個(gè)氨基酸殘基的取代)。在一些情況下,突變可改變fc受體的糖基化模式,并因此改變對(duì)fc的結(jié)合親和力。下表列出了fc受體胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域中的多個(gè)示例性多態(tài)性(參見,例如,kim等人,j.mol.evol.53:1-9,2001):表1.fc受體中的示例性多態(tài)性氨基酸編號(hào)19486589105130134141142158fcr10rsdidgfytvp08637rsdidgfyifs76824rsdidgfyivj04162rndvddfhivm31936ssniddfhivm24854ssniedshivx07934rsniddfhivx14356(fcγrii)nnnsesssiim31932(fcγri)stnreaftigx06948(fcαεi)rsesqsesivfc受體基于其能夠結(jié)合的抗體的同種型分類。例如,fc-γ受體(fcγr)通常結(jié)合igg抗體,例如其一個(gè)或多個(gè)亞型(即igg1,igg2,igg3,igg4);fc-α受體(fcαr)通常結(jié)合iga抗體;和fc-ε受體(fcεr)通常結(jié)合ige抗體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,fc受體是fc-γ受體、fc-α受體或fc-ε受體。fc-γ受體的實(shí)例包括但不限于:cd64a、cd64b、cd64c、cd32a、cd32b、cd16a和cd16b。fc-α受體的實(shí)例是fcαr1/cd89。fc-ε受體的實(shí)例包括但不限于:fcεri和fcεrii/cd23。下表列出了用于構(gòu)建本文所述的嵌合受體的示例性fc受體及其對(duì)相應(yīng)fc結(jié)構(gòu)域的結(jié)合活性:表2.示例性fc受體選擇用于本文所述的嵌合受體的fc受體的配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,對(duì)本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員是顯而易見的。例如,其可以取決于多個(gè)因素,例如期望fc受體結(jié)合的抗體的同種型和結(jié)合相互作用的所需親和力。在一些實(shí)例中,(a)是cd16的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,其可以引入可調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)fc的親和力的天然存在的多態(tài)性。在一些實(shí)例中,(a)是在158位引入多態(tài)性(例如纈氨酸或苯丙氨酸)的cd16的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域。在一些實(shí)施方案中,(a)是在改變其糖基化狀態(tài)及其對(duì)fc的親和力的條件下產(chǎn)生的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,(a)是引入修飾的cd16的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,所述修飾使引入該修飾的嵌合受體對(duì)igg抗體亞型具有特異性。例如,可以引入增加或降低對(duì)igg亞型(例如igg1)的親和力的突變。在一些實(shí)例中,(a)是cd32的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,其可以引入可以調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)fc的親和力的天然存在的多態(tài)性。在一些實(shí)施方案中,(a)是在改變其糖基化狀態(tài)及其對(duì)fc的親和力的條件下產(chǎn)生的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,(a)是引入修飾的cd32的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,所述修飾使引入該修飾的嵌合受體對(duì)igg抗體亞型具有特異性。例如,可以引入增加或降低對(duì)igg亞型(例如igg1)的親和力的突變。在一些實(shí)例中,(a)是cd64的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,其可以引入可以調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)fc的親和力的天然存在的多態(tài)性。在一些實(shí)施方案中,(a)是在改變其糖基化狀態(tài)及其對(duì)fc的親和力的條件下產(chǎn)生的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,(a)是引入修飾的cd64的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,所述修飾使引入該修飾的嵌合受體對(duì)igg抗體亞型具有特異性。例如,可以引入增加或降低對(duì)igg亞型(例如igg1)的親和力的突變。在其它實(shí)施方案中,fc結(jié)合物衍生自能夠結(jié)合igg分子的fc部分的天然存在的細(xì)菌蛋白。用于構(gòu)建如本文所述的嵌合受體的fc結(jié)合物,可以是全長蛋白或其功能片段。蛋白a最初是在細(xì)菌金黃色葡萄球菌的細(xì)胞壁中發(fā)現(xiàn)的42kda表面蛋白。其由五個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域組成,每個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域折疊成三螺旋束并且能夠通過與大多數(shù)抗體的fc區(qū)以及人vh3家族抗體的fab區(qū)的相互作用而結(jié)合于igg。蛋白g是在c和g型鏈球菌中表達(dá)的約60kda蛋白,其結(jié)合于哺乳動(dòng)物igg的fab和fc區(qū)。雖然天然蛋白g還結(jié)合于白蛋白,但是重組變體已經(jīng)被工程化從而去除了白蛋白結(jié)合能力。也可以使用組合生物學(xué)或定向進(jìn)化方法,從頭產(chǎn)生用于嵌合受體的fc結(jié)合物。從蛋白質(zhì)支架(例如,源自igg的scfv、源自kunitz型蛋白酶抑制劑的kunitz結(jié)構(gòu)域、錨蛋白重復(fù)序列、來自蛋白質(zhì)a的z結(jié)構(gòu)域、脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白、iii型纖連蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域、來自fyn的sh3結(jié)構(gòu)域、或其它)開始時(shí),表面上一組殘基的氨基酸側(cè)鏈可以被隨機(jī)取代,以產(chǎn)生變體支架的大文庫。從大文庫中,可以通過首先選擇結(jié)合,隨后通過噬菌體、核糖體或細(xì)胞展示進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增,分離對(duì)靶標(biāo)如fc結(jié)構(gòu)域具有親和力的稀有變體。重復(fù)的多輪選擇和擴(kuò)增可以用于分離對(duì)靶標(biāo)具有最高親和力的那些蛋白質(zhì)。fc結(jié)合肽是本領(lǐng)域已知的,例如delano等人,science,287:5456(2000);jeong等人,peptides,31(2):202-206(2009);和krook等人,j.immunologicalmethods,221(1-2):151-157(1998)。示例性fc結(jié)合肽可以包含氨基酸序列etqrctwhmgelvwcerehn(seqidno:85)、keascsywlgelvwcvagve(seqidno:86)或dcawhlgelvwct(seqidno:87)。本文所述的任何fc結(jié)合物可以對(duì)治療性抗體的fc部分具有合適的結(jié)合親和力。如本文所用,“結(jié)合親和力”是指表觀結(jié)合常數(shù)或ka。ka是解離常數(shù)kd的倒數(shù)。本文所述的嵌合受體的fc受體結(jié)構(gòu)域的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域?qū)τ诳贵w的fc部分可以具有至少10-5、10-6、10-7、10-8、10-9、10-10或更低的結(jié)合親和力kd。在一些實(shí)施方案中,與fc結(jié)合物對(duì)另一抗體、同種型抗體或其亞型的結(jié)合親和力相比,fc結(jié)合物對(duì)一抗體、抗體同種型或其亞型具有高結(jié)合親和力。在一些實(shí)施方案中,與fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域與另一抗體、同種型抗體或其亞型的結(jié)合相比,fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域?qū)σ豢贵w、抗體同種型或其亞型具有特異性。具有高親和力結(jié)合的fc-γ受體包括:cd64a、cd64b和cd64c。具有低親和力結(jié)合的fc-γ受體包括:cd32a、cd32b、cd16a和cd16b。具有高親和力結(jié)合的fc-ε受體是fcεri,具有低親和力結(jié)合的fc-ε受體是fcεrii/cd23??梢酝ㄟ^多種不同方法測定包含fc結(jié)合物(例如,fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域)的fc受體或嵌合受體的結(jié)合親和力或結(jié)合特異性,其中包括平衡透析、平衡結(jié)合、凝膠過濾、elisa、表面等離子體共振或光譜。在一些實(shí)施方案中,fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域包含與天然存在的fc-γ受體、fc-α受體或fc-ε受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸序列有至少90%(例如,91、92、93、94、95、96、97、98、99%)相同性的氨基酸序列。使用由karlin和altschul改進(jìn)(proc.natl.acad.sci.usa90:5873-77,1993)的karlin和altschul(proc.natl.acad.sci.usa87:2264-68,1990)的算法,檢測兩個(gè)氨基酸序列的“百分比相同性”。該算法被引入altschul等人,j.mol.biol.215:403-10,1990的nblast和xblast程序(2.0版)??梢圆捎脁blast程序開展blast蛋白研究,設(shè)定分?jǐn)?shù)=50,字長(wordlength)=3,從而獲得與本發(fā)明的蛋白分子同源的氨基酸序列。當(dāng)兩序列間存在間隙時(shí),可以采用altschul等人,核酸研究(nucleicacidsres.)25(17):3389-3402,1997中描述的gappedblast。當(dāng)使用blast和gappedblast程序時(shí),可以使用各程序(如xblast和nblast)的默認(rèn)參數(shù)。fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域的變體,例如本文所述的那些,也在本發(fā)明的范圍內(nèi)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,變異的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域可以包含相對(duì)于參考胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸序列至多10個(gè)氨基酸殘基變異(例如,1、2、3、4或5)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,由于基因多態(tài)性,變體可以是天然存在的變體。在其它實(shí)施方案中,變體可以是非天然存在的修飾分子。例如,可將突變引入fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域以改變其糖基化模式,從而改變其對(duì)相應(yīng)fc結(jié)構(gòu)域的結(jié)合親和力。在一些實(shí)例中,fc受體可以是本文所述的cd16a、cd16b、cd32a、cd32b、cd32c、cd64a、cd64b、cd64c或其變體。fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域可以包含相對(duì)于本文所述的cd16a、cd16b、cd32a、cd32b、cd32c、cd64a、cd64b、cd64c的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸序列有至多10個(gè)氨基酸殘基變異(例如,1、2、3、4、5或8)。包含一個(gè)或多個(gè)氨基酸變異的這種fc結(jié)構(gòu)域可以稱為變體。相對(duì)于不包含所述突變的fc受體結(jié)構(gòu)域,fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸殘基的突變,可導(dǎo)致所述fc受體結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合于抗體、同種型抗體或其亞型的結(jié)合親和力增加。例如,fc-γ受體cd16a的158位殘基的突變可以導(dǎo)致所述fc受體與抗體的fc部分的結(jié)合親和力的增加。在一些實(shí)施方案中,突變是fc-γ受體cd16a的158位殘基由苯丙氨酸替換為纈氨酸,稱為cd16av158變體。下面提供了人cd16av158變體的氨基酸序列,其中v158殘基以粗體/面(信號(hào)肽斜體)突出顯示:mwqlllptallllvsagmrtedlpkavvflepqwyrvlekdsvtlkcqgayspednstqwfhneslissqassyfidaatvddsgeyrcqtnlstlsdpvqlevhigwlllqaprwvfkeedpihlrchswkntalhkvtylqngkgrkyfhhnsdfyipkatlkdsgsyfcrglvgsknvssetvnititqglavstissffppgyqvsfclvmvllfavdtglyfsvktnirsstrdwkdhkfkwrkdpqdk(seqidno:75)可以在fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域中產(chǎn)生的可以增強(qiáng)或降低對(duì)分子(例如抗體)的fc部分的結(jié)合親和力的替代性或額外的突變,對(duì)于本領(lǐng)域一般技術(shù)人員是顯而易見的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,fc受體是cd16a、cd16av158變體、cd16b、cd32a、cd32b、cd32c、cd64a、cd64b或cd64c。在一些實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域不是cd16a或cd16av158變體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域。b.跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域本文所述的嵌合受體的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域可以是本領(lǐng)域已知的任何形式。如本文所用,“跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域”是指在細(xì)胞膜優(yōu)選真核細(xì)胞膜中熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定的任何蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)。與本文所用的嵌合受體的相容的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域,可以從天然存在的蛋白質(zhì)獲得?;蛘?,其可以是合成的非天然存在的蛋白質(zhì)區(qū)段,例如在細(xì)胞膜中熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定的疏水性蛋白質(zhì)區(qū)段??缒そY(jié)構(gòu)域基于所述跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的三維結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分類。例如,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域可形成α螺旋,多于一個(gè)α螺旋的復(fù)合物,β桶或任何其它能夠跨越細(xì)胞的磷脂雙層的穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu)。此外,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域還可以或可選地基于跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分類,包括跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域穿過膜的通過數(shù)目和蛋白質(zhì)的取向。例如,單通的膜蛋白穿過細(xì)胞膜一次,而多通的膜蛋白穿過細(xì)胞膜至少兩次(例如,2、3、4、5、6、7或更多次)。膜蛋白可以定義為i型,ii型或iii型,這取決于它們的末端和膜通過區(qū)段相對(duì)于細(xì)胞內(nèi)部和外部的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。i型膜蛋白具有單個(gè)跨膜區(qū),并且定向?yàn)槭沟玫鞍椎膎末端位于細(xì)胞的脂質(zhì)雙層的胞外側(cè),而蛋白的c末端位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)側(cè)。ii型膜蛋白也具有單個(gè)跨膜區(qū),但是其定向使得蛋白的c末端位于細(xì)胞的脂質(zhì)雙層的胞外側(cè),而蛋白的n末端位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)側(cè)。iii型膜蛋白具有多個(gè)跨膜區(qū)段,并且可以基于跨膜區(qū)段的數(shù)目和n-和c-末端的位置進(jìn)一步亞分類。在一些實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的嵌合受體的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域衍生自i型單通膜蛋白。單通膜蛋白包括但不限于:cd8α、cd8β、4-1bb/cd137、cd28、cd34、cd4、fcεriγ、cd16、ox40/cd134、cd3ζ、cd3ε、cd3γ、cd3δ、tcrα、tcrβ、tcrζ、cd32、cd64、cd64、cd45、cd5、cd9、cd22、cd37、cd80、cd86、cd40、cd40l/cd154、vegfr2、fas和fgfr2b。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域來自選自下組的膜蛋白:cd8α、cd8β、4-1bb/cd137、cd28、cd34、cd4、fcεriγ、cd16、ox40/cd134、cd3ζ、cd3ε、cd3γ、cd3δ、tcrα、cd32、cd64、vegfr2、fas和fgfr2b。在一些實(shí)例中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域是cd8α。在一些實(shí)例中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域是4-1bb/cd137。在其它實(shí)例中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域是cd28或cd34。在其它實(shí)例中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域不衍生自人cd8α。在一些實(shí)施方案中,嵌合受體的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域是單通α螺旋。來自多通膜蛋白的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域也可以相容地用于本文所述的嵌合受體。多通膜蛋白可以包含復(fù)合物(至少2、3、4、5、6、7或更多個(gè))α螺旋或β折疊結(jié)構(gòu)。優(yōu)選地,多通膜蛋白的n末端和c末端位于脂雙層的相對(duì)側(cè),例如,蛋白的n末端位于脂雙層的胞質(zhì)側(cè),蛋白質(zhì)的c末端位于胞外側(cè)。來自多通膜蛋白的一個(gè)或多個(gè)螺旋通道可用于構(gòu)建本文所述的嵌合受體。用于本文所述的嵌合受體的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域還可以包含合成的、非天然存在的蛋白質(zhì)區(qū)段的至少一部分。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域是合成的、非天然存在的α螺旋或β折疊。在一些實(shí)施方案中,蛋白質(zhì)區(qū)段是至少約20個(gè)氨基酸,例如至少18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30或更多個(gè)氨基酸。合成的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的實(shí)例是本領(lǐng)域已知的,例如在美國專利號(hào)7,052,906b1和pct公開號(hào)wo2000/032776a2中,其相關(guān)公開內(nèi)容通過引用并入本文。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸序列不包含半胱氨酸殘基。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸序列包含一個(gè)半胱氨酸殘基。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸序列包含兩個(gè)半胱氨酸殘基。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸序列包含多于兩個(gè)的半胱氨酸殘基(例如,3、4、5或更多個(gè))。跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域可以包含跨膜區(qū)和位于跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的c末端側(cè)的胞質(zhì)區(qū)??缒そY(jié)構(gòu)域的胞質(zhì)區(qū)可以包含三個(gè)或更多個(gè)氨基酸,并且在一些實(shí)施方案中,這有助于定向脂質(zhì)雙層中的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域。在一些實(shí)施方案中,一個(gè)或多個(gè)半胱氨酸殘基位于跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的跨膜區(qū)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,一個(gè)或多個(gè)半胱氨酸殘基位于跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的胞質(zhì)區(qū)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的胞質(zhì)區(qū)包含帶正電荷的氨基酸。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的胞質(zhì)區(qū)包含氨基酸精氨酸、絲氨酸和賴氨酸。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的跨膜區(qū)包含疏水性氨基酸殘基。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜區(qū)主要包含疏水性氨基酸殘基,例如丙氨酸、亮氨酸、異亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸或纈氨酸。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜區(qū)是疏水性的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,跨膜區(qū)包含多聚的亮氨酸-丙氨酸序列??梢酝ㄟ^本領(lǐng)域已知的任何方法,例如kyte和doolittle親水性分析法,來評(píng)估親水性能(hydropathy),或蛋白質(zhì)或蛋白質(zhì)區(qū)段的疏水性或親水性。c.共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域許多免疫細(xì)胞除了抗原特異性信號(hào)的刺激外,還需要共刺激以促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、分化和存活,以及激活細(xì)胞的效應(yīng)子功能。本文所述的嵌合受體包含至少一個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域。本文所用的術(shù)語“共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域”是指介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)以誘導(dǎo)免疫應(yīng)答(如效應(yīng)子功能)的蛋白質(zhì)的至少一部分。本文所述的嵌合受體的共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域可以是來自共刺激蛋白的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域,其轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)信號(hào)并調(diào)節(jié)由免疫細(xì)胞例如t細(xì)胞、nk細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞或嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的應(yīng)答。宿主細(xì)胞(例如免疫細(xì)胞)中共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域的活化可以誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞增加或降低細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生和分泌、吞噬性質(zhì)、增殖、分化、存活和/或細(xì)胞毒性。任何共刺激分子的共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域可以相容地用于本文所述的嵌合受體。共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域的類型,可基于多種因素例如嵌合受體將在其中表達(dá)的免疫細(xì)胞的類型(例如,t細(xì)胞、nk細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞或嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞)和期望的免疫效應(yīng)子功能(例如,adcc效應(yīng))來選擇。用于嵌合受體的共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域的實(shí)例可以是共刺激蛋白的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域,包括但不限于:b7/cd28家族的成員(例如b7-1/cd80、b7-2/cd86、b7-h1/pd-l1、b7-h2、b7-h3、b7-h4、b7-h6、b7-h7、btla/cd272、cd28、ctla-4、gi24/vista/b7-h5、icos/cd278、pd-1、pd-l2/b7-dc和pdcd6);tnf超家族的成員(例如4-1bb/tnfsf9/cd137、4-1bb配體/tnfsf9、baff/blys/tnfsf13b、baffr/tnfrsf13c、cd27/tnfrsf7、cd27配體/tnfsf7、cd30/tnfrsf8、cd30配體/tnfsf8、cd40/tnfrsf5、cd40/tnfsf5、cd40配體/tnfsf5、dr3/tnfrsf25、gitr/tnfrsf18、gitr配體/tnfsf18、hvem/tnfrsf14、light/tnfsf14、淋巴毒素-α/tnf-β、ox40/tnfrsf4、ox40配體/tnfsf4、relt/tnfrsf19l、taci/tnfrsf13b、tl1a/tnfsf15、tnf-α和tnfrii/tnfrsf1b);slam家族的成員(例如2b4/cd244/slamf4、blame/slamf8、cd2、cd2f-10/slamf9、cd48/slamf2、cd58/lfa-3、cd84/slamf5、cd229/slamf3、cracc/slamf7、ntb-a/slamf6,和slam/cd150);和任何其它共刺激分子,例如cd2、cd7、cd53、cd82/kai-1、cd90/thy1、cd96、cd160、cd200、cd300a/lmir1、hlai類、hla-dr、ikaros、整合素α4/cd49d、整合素α4β1、整合素α4β7/lpam-1、lag-3、tcl1a、tcl1b、crtam、dap12、dectin-1/clec7a、dppiv/cd26、ephb6、tim-1/kim-1/havcr、tim-4、tslp、tslpr、淋巴細(xì)胞功能相關(guān)抗原-1(lfa-1)和nkg2c。在一些實(shí)施方案中,共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域是4-1bb、cd28、ox40、icos、cd27、gitr、hvem、tim1、lfa1(cd11a)或cd2,或其任何變體。在其它實(shí)施方案中,共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域不是衍生自4-1bb。在本發(fā)明的范圍內(nèi),還包括本文所述的任何共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域的變體,使得共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域能夠調(diào)節(jié)免疫細(xì)胞的免疫應(yīng)答。在一些實(shí)施方案中,與野生型對(duì)應(yīng)物相比,共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域包含可高達(dá)10個(gè)氨基酸殘基變異(例如,1、2、3、4、5或8)。包含一個(gè)或多個(gè)氨基酸變異的這種共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域可以稱為變體。相對(duì)于不包含突變的共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域,共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸殘基的突變可導(dǎo)致信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的增加和增強(qiáng)的免疫應(yīng)答刺激。相對(duì)于不包含突變的共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域,共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域的氨基酸殘基的突變可導(dǎo)致信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的減少和減少的免疫應(yīng)答刺激。例如,天然cd28氨基酸序列的第186和187位殘基的突變,可導(dǎo)致增加的共刺激活性和通過嵌合受體的共刺激結(jié)構(gòu)域而誘導(dǎo)的免疫應(yīng)答。在一些實(shí)施方案中,突變是cd28共刺激結(jié)構(gòu)域在在186和187位的每一位置的賴氨酸被甘氨酸殘基取代,稱為cd28ll→gg變體??梢栽鰪?qiáng)或降低結(jié)構(gòu)域的共刺激活性的、在共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域中進(jìn)行的其它突變,對(duì)于本領(lǐng)域一般技術(shù)人員是顯而易見的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域是4-1bb、cd28、ox40或cd28ll→gg變體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域不是4-1bb。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述嵌合受體可以包含多于一個(gè)的共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域(例如,2、3或更多個(gè))。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述嵌合受體包含兩個(gè)或更多個(gè)相同的共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域,例如兩個(gè)拷貝的cd28的共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述嵌合受體包含來自不同共刺激蛋白的兩個(gè)或更多個(gè)的共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域,例如本文所述的任何兩種或更多種共刺激蛋白。共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域的類型,基于多種因素例如所述嵌合受體將在其中表達(dá)的宿主細(xì)胞的類型(例如,免疫細(xì)胞例如t細(xì)胞、nk細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞或嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞)和期望的免疫效應(yīng)子功能進(jìn)行選擇。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述嵌合受體包含兩個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述兩個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域是cd28和4-1bb。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述兩個(gè)共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域是cd28ll→gg變體和4-1bb。d.包含基于免疫受體酪氨酸激活基序(itam)的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域包含基于免疫受體酪氨酸激活基序(itam)的任何胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域,可用于構(gòu)建本文所述的嵌合受體。本文所用的“itam”是保守的蛋白質(zhì)基序,其通常存在于許多免疫細(xì)胞中表達(dá)的信號(hào)分子的尾部。所述基序可以包含由6-8個(gè)氨基酸分開的兩個(gè)重復(fù)的氨基酸序列yxxl/i,其中每個(gè)x獨(dú)立地為任何氨基酸,從而產(chǎn)生保守基序yxxl/ix(6-8)yxxl/i。信號(hào)分子內(nèi)的itam對(duì)于細(xì)胞內(nèi)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)是重要的,其介導(dǎo)過程至少部分通過信號(hào)分子激活后itam中酪氨酸殘基磷酸化進(jìn)行。itam還可以用作參與信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑的其它蛋白質(zhì)的??课稽c(diǎn)。在一些實(shí)例中,包含itam的胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域是cd3ζ或fcεr1γ。在其它實(shí)施例中,含有itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域不是衍生自人cd3ζ。在其它實(shí)例中,當(dāng)相同嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域來自cd16a時(shí),含itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域不衍生自fc受體。在一個(gè)具體實(shí)施方案中,幾個(gè)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域可以融合在一起用于產(chǎn)生疊加或協(xié)同效應(yīng)。有用的額外信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域的非限制性實(shí)例包括:tcrzeta鏈、cd28、ox40/cd134、4-1bb/cd137、fcεriy、icos/cd278、ilrb/cd122、il-2rg/cd132和cd40一個(gè)或多個(gè)的部分或全部。e.鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域在一些實(shí)施方案中,本文所述的嵌合受體進(jìn)一步包含位于胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域和跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域之間的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域。鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是通常在蛋白質(zhì)的兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域之間發(fā)現(xiàn)的氨基酸區(qū)段,并且其可以允許蛋白質(zhì)有柔性以及允許一個(gè)或兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域相對(duì)于彼此的運(yùn)動(dòng)??梢允褂萌魏伟被嵝蛄?,只要該氨基酸序列提供fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域相對(duì)于嵌合受體的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的這種柔性和運(yùn)動(dòng)性。鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域可含有約10-100個(gè)氨基酸,例如15-75個(gè)氨基酸,20-50個(gè)氨基酸或30-60個(gè)氨基酸。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域的長度可以是10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70或75個(gè)氨基酸。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是天然存在的蛋白質(zhì)的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域。本領(lǐng)域已知的包含鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域的任何蛋白質(zhì)的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域,可適用于本文所述的嵌合受體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是天然存在的蛋白質(zhì)的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域的至少一部分,并將柔性賦予所述嵌合受體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是cd8α的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是cd8α的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域的一部分,例如,含有cd8α的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域的至少15個(gè)(例如20、25、30、35或40個(gè))連續(xù)氨基酸的片段??贵w的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域,例如igg、iga、igm、ige或igd抗體也適用于本文所述的嵌合受體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是連接抗體的恒定結(jié)構(gòu)域ch1和ch2的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是抗體的,并且包含所述抗體的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域和所述抗體的一個(gè)或多個(gè)恒定區(qū)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域包含抗體的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域和抗體的ch3恒定區(qū)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域包含抗體的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域和抗體的ch2和ch3恒定區(qū)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述抗體是igg、iga、igm、ige或igd抗體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述抗體是igg抗體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述抗體是igg1、igg2、igg3或igg4抗體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈區(qū)包含igg1抗體的鉸鏈區(qū)和ch2和ch3恒定區(qū)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈區(qū)包含igg1抗體的鉸鏈區(qū)和ch3恒定區(qū)。非天然存在的肽也可用作本文所述的嵌合受體的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域。在一些實(shí)施方案中,fc受體的胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域的c末端和跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的n末端之間的鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是肽接頭,例如(glyxser)n接頭,其中x和n,獨(dú)立地可以是3至12之間的整數(shù),包括3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12或更多。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是(gly4ser)n(seqidno:76),其中n可以是3至60之間的整數(shù),包括3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、50、51、52、53、54、55、56、57、58、59、60或更多。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是(gly4ser)3(seqidno:77)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是(gly4ser)6(seqidno:78)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是(gly4ser)9(seqidno:79)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是(gly4ser)12(seqidno:80)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是(gly4ser)15(seqidno:81)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是(gly4ser)30(seqidno:82)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是(gly4ser)45(seqidno:83)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是(gly4ser)60(seqidno:84)。在其它實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是延長的重組多肽(xten),其是由不同長度(例如10-80個(gè)氨基酸殘基)的親水性殘基組成的非結(jié)構(gòu)化多肽。xten肽的氨基酸序列對(duì)本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員是顯而易見的,并且可以在例如美國專利號(hào)8,673,860中找到,其通過引用并入本文。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是xten肽并且包含60個(gè)氨基酸。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是xten肽并且包含30個(gè)氨基酸。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是xten肽并且包含45個(gè)氨基酸。在一些實(shí)施方案中,鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域是xten肽并且包含15個(gè)氨基酸。f.信號(hào)肽在一些實(shí)施方案中,嵌合受體還包含在多肽的n末端的信號(hào)肽(也稱為信號(hào)序列)。通常,信號(hào)序列是將多肽靶向細(xì)胞中所需位點(diǎn)的肽序列。在一些實(shí)施方案中,信號(hào)序列將嵌合受體靶向細(xì)胞的分泌途徑,并且將允許嵌合受體整合并錨定到脂質(zhì)雙層中。信號(hào)序列包括天然存在的蛋白質(zhì)的信號(hào)序列或合成的、非天然存在的信號(hào)序列,它們與本文所述的嵌合受體是相容的,這些信號(hào)序列對(duì)本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員是顯而易見的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述信號(hào)序列來自cd8α。在一些實(shí)施方案中,所述信號(hào)序列來自cd28。在其它實(shí)施方案中,所述信號(hào)序列來自鼠κ鏈。在其它實(shí)施方案中,所述信號(hào)序列來自cd16。g.嵌合受體的實(shí)例表3-5提供本文所述的示例性嵌合受體。該示例性構(gòu)建物從n末端到c末端依次具有信號(hào)序列、fc結(jié)合物(例如fc受體的胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域)、鉸鏈結(jié)構(gòu)域和跨膜結(jié)構(gòu),而共刺激結(jié)構(gòu)域和細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域的位置可以互換。表3:示例性嵌合受體表4:示例性嵌合受體表5:示例性嵌合受體下文提供了示例性嵌合受體的氨基酸序列(信號(hào)序列用斜體表示)。seqidno:2:gmrtedlpkavvflepqwyrvlekdsvtlkcqgayspednstqwfhneslissqassyfidaatvddsgeyrcqtnlstlsdpvqlevhigwlllqaprwvfkeedpihlrchswkntalhkvtylqngkgrkyfhhnsdfyipkatlkdsgsyfcrglvgsknvssetvnititqglavstissffppgyqtttpaprpptpaptiasqplslrpeacrpaaggavhtrgldfacdiisfflaltstallfllffltlrfsvvkrgkrgrkkllyifkqpfmrpvqttqeedgcscrfpeeeeggcelrvkfsrsadapayqqgqnqlynelnlgrreeydvldkrrgrdpemggkprrknpqeglynelqkdkmaeayseigmkgerrrgkghdglyqglstatkdtydalhmqalpprseqidno:3:gmrtedlpkavvflepqwyrvlekdsvtlkcqgayspednstqwfhneslissqassyfidaatvddsgeyrcqtnlstlsdpvqlevhigwlllqaprwvfkeedpihlrchswkntalhkvtylqngkgrkyfhhnsdf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結(jié)構(gòu)域)的序列,以形成編碼嵌合受體的核酸序列。或者,可以合成編碼嵌合受體的核酸。在一些實(shí)施方案中,核酸是dna。在其他實(shí)施方案中,核酸是rna。任何嵌合受體蛋白,編碼它們的核酸和攜帶這種核酸的表達(dá)載體可以與藥學(xué)上可接受的載體混合,以形成藥物組合物,其也在本發(fā)明的范圍內(nèi)。“可接受的”是指載體與組合物的活性成分(例如,核酸、載體、細(xì)胞或治療性抗體)是相容的,并且不對(duì)施用組合物的受試者產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。用于本發(fā)明方法的任何藥物組合物可以包含凍干形式或水溶液形式的藥學(xué)上可接受的載體、賦形劑或穩(wěn)定劑。藥學(xué)上可接受的載體,包括緩沖液,是本領(lǐng)域公知的,并且可以包括:磷酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽和其他有機(jī)酸;抗氧化劑包括抗壞血酸和甲硫氨酸;防腐劑;低分子量多肽;蛋白質(zhì),例如血清白蛋白、明膠或免疫球蛋白;氨基酸;疏水聚合物;單糖;二糖;和其他碳水化合物;金屬絡(luò)合物;和/或非離子表面活性劑。參見,例如,remington:thescienceandpracticeofpharmacy第20版。(2000)lippincottwilliams和wilkins編輯(k.e.hoover)。本發(fā)明的藥物組合物還可以含有一種或多種對(duì)于所治療的具體適應(yīng)癥所必需的額外的活性化合物,優(yōu)選那些具有互補(bǔ)活性的且彼此不產(chǎn)生不利影響的活性化合物??赡艿念~外的活性化合物的非限制性實(shí)例包括:例如il2以及以下在組合治療的討論中列出的各種藥劑。ii.表達(dá)嵌合受體的免疫細(xì)胞表達(dá)本文所述嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞,提供了一類特異性細(xì)胞群,其可識(shí)別由含fc的治療劑(例如抗體(例如治療性抗體)或fc融合蛋白)結(jié)合的靶細(xì)胞。在這樣的宿主細(xì)胞(例如,免疫細(xì)胞)上表達(dá)的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的細(xì)胞外配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域與抗體的fc部分或fc-融合蛋白的結(jié)合,將激活信號(hào)傳遞到嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的共刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域和含itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域,從而激活宿主細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞增殖和/或效應(yīng)子功能,例如由宿主細(xì)胞引發(fā)的adcc效應(yīng)。共刺激信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)域和包含itam的細(xì)胞質(zhì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)域的組合,可以允許細(xì)胞內(nèi)多個(gè)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑的穩(wěn)定激活。在一些實(shí)施方案中,宿主細(xì)胞是免疫細(xì)胞,例如t細(xì)胞、nk細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞或其任何組合。在一些實(shí)施方案中,免疫細(xì)胞是t細(xì)胞。在一些實(shí)施方案中,免疫細(xì)胞是nk細(xì)胞。在其他實(shí)施方案中,免疫細(xì)胞可以是建立的細(xì)胞系,例如nk-92細(xì)胞。免疫細(xì)胞群可以從任何來源獲得,例如外周血單核細(xì)胞(pbmc),骨髓,組織例如脾、淋巴結(jié)、胸腺或腫瘤組織。適合獲得所需宿主細(xì)胞類型的來源,對(duì)本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員是顯而易見的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,免疫細(xì)胞群體衍生自pbmc。期望的宿主細(xì)胞的類型(例如,免疫細(xì)胞例如t細(xì)胞、nk細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞或其任何組合),可以在通過將細(xì)胞與刺激分子共培養(yǎng)獲得的細(xì)胞群中進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增。例如,抗cd3和抗cd28抗體可用于擴(kuò)增t細(xì)胞。為了構(gòu)建表達(dá)本文所述的任何嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的免疫細(xì)胞,可以通過本文所述的常規(guī)方法,構(gòu)建用于穩(wěn)定或瞬時(shí)表達(dá)嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的表達(dá)載體,并將其引入免疫宿主細(xì)胞。例如,編碼嵌合受體的核酸可以克隆到合適的表達(dá)載體(如病毒載體)中,并與合適的啟動(dòng)子可操作地連接。核酸和載體可以在合適的條件下與限制酶接觸,從而在每個(gè)分子上產(chǎn)生互補(bǔ)末端,這些末端可以彼此配對(duì)并且用連接酶連接?;蛘?,合成的核酸接頭可以連接到編碼嵌合受體的核酸的末端。合成接頭可以含有對(duì)應(yīng)于載體中特定限制性位點(diǎn)的核酸序列。表達(dá)載體/質(zhì)粒/病毒載體的選擇,取決于用于表達(dá)嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞的類型,但應(yīng)適合在真核細(xì)胞中整合和復(fù)制。多種啟動(dòng)子可用于表達(dá)本文所述的嵌合受體,包括但不限于:巨細(xì)胞病毒(cmv)中間早期啟動(dòng)子、病毒ltr例如勞氏肉瘤病毒ltr、hiv-ltr、htlv-1ltr、猿猴病毒40(sv40)早期啟動(dòng)子、單純皰疹病毒啟動(dòng)子。用于表達(dá)嵌合受體的另外的啟動(dòng)子包括:免疫細(xì)胞中的任何組成型活躍的啟動(dòng)子。或者,可以使用任何可調(diào)節(jié)的啟動(dòng)子,使得其表達(dá)可以在免疫細(xì)胞內(nèi)進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。另外,載體可以含有例如以下的一些或全部:選擇性標(biāo)記基因,例如用于在宿主細(xì)胞中選擇穩(wěn)定或瞬時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)染子的新霉素基因;用于高水平的轉(zhuǎn)錄的、來自人cmv的立即早期基因的增強(qiáng)子/啟動(dòng)子序列;用于mrna穩(wěn)定性的來自sv40的rna加工信號(hào)和轉(zhuǎn)錄終止序列;sv40多瘤病毒復(fù)制起點(diǎn)和cole1,其用于合適的附加體的復(fù)制;內(nèi)部核糖體結(jié)合位點(diǎn)(ireses),多功能多克隆位點(diǎn);t7和sp6rna啟動(dòng)子,其用于有義和反義rna的體外轉(zhuǎn)錄;當(dāng)被引發(fā)時(shí)引起攜帶載體的細(xì)胞死亡的“自殺開關(guān)”或“自殺基因”(例如hsv胸苷激酶,誘導(dǎo)型胱天蛋白酶如icasp9)和用于評(píng)估嵌合受體表達(dá)的報(bào)告基因。在一個(gè)具體實(shí)施方案中,此類載體還包括自殺基因。如本文所用,術(shù)語“自殺基因”是指導(dǎo)致表達(dá)自殺基因的細(xì)胞死亡的基因。自殺基因可以是賦予基因表達(dá)的細(xì)胞對(duì)試劑例如藥物的敏感性的基因,并且當(dāng)細(xì)胞與試劑接觸或暴露于試劑時(shí)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡。自殺基因是本領(lǐng)域已知的(參見例如自殺基因療法:方法和綜述(suicidegenetherapy:methodsandreviews),springer,carolinej.(cancerresearchukcenterforcancertherapeutics在腫瘤研究所的腫瘤治療的uk癌癥研究中心(sutton,surrey,uk),humana出版,2004),并且包括例如單純皰疹病毒(hsv)胸苷激酶(tk)基因、胞嘧啶氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶、嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶、硝基還原酶和胱天蛋白酶如半胱天冬酶8。用于產(chǎn)生含有轉(zhuǎn)基因的載體的合適載體和方法是本領(lǐng)域熟知的。用于表達(dá)嵌合受體的載體的制備的實(shí)例,可以在例如us2014/0106449中找到,其通過引用整體并入本文。包含編碼本文所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的核酸序列的任何載體,也在本發(fā)明的范圍內(nèi)。這樣的載體或編碼其中包含的嵌合受體的序列,可以通過合適的方法遞送到宿主細(xì)胞例如宿主免疫細(xì)胞中。將載體遞送至免疫細(xì)胞的方法是本領(lǐng)域熟知的,并且可包括:dna電穿孔、rna電穿孔、轉(zhuǎn)染試劑例如脂質(zhì)體、或病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,用于表達(dá)嵌合受體的載體,通過病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)遞送至宿主細(xì)胞。用于遞送的示例性病毒方法包括但不限于:重組逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒(參見例如pct公開號(hào)wo90/07936;wo94/03622;wo93/25698;wo93/25234;wo93/11230;wo93/10218;wo91/02805;美國專利5,219,740和4,777,127;英國專利2,200,651;和歐洲專利0345242),基于甲病毒的載體和腺相關(guān)病毒(aav)載體(參見,例如pct公開號(hào)wo94/12649,wo93/03769;wo93/19191;wo94/28938;wo95/11984和wo95/00655)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,用于表達(dá)嵌合受體的載體是逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒。在一些實(shí)施方案中,用于表達(dá)嵌合受體的載體是慢病毒。描述逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的參考文獻(xiàn)的實(shí)例包括:anderson等,us5,399,346;mann等人,cell33:153(1983);temin等人,美國專利號(hào)4,650,764;temin等人,美國專利4,980,289;markowitz等人,j.virol。62:1120(1988);temin等人,美國專利號(hào)5,124,263;由dougherty等人的1995年3月16日公開的國際專利公開號(hào)wo95/07358;和kuo等人,blood82:845(1993)。國際專利公開號(hào)wo95/07358描述了原代b淋巴細(xì)胞的高效轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。關(guān)于可以使用的逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和mrna電穿孔的具體技術(shù)的實(shí)例,還參見下文的實(shí)施例部分。在使用病毒載體將編碼嵌合受體的載體導(dǎo)入宿主細(xì)胞的實(shí)施例中,能夠感染免疫細(xì)胞并攜帶載體的病毒顆粒可以通過本領(lǐng)域已知的任何方法產(chǎn)生,并且可以在以下文獻(xiàn)中找到,例如在pct申請(qǐng)wo1991/002805a2,wo1998/009271a1和美國專利6,194,191中。從細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)物上清液收獲病毒顆粒,并且可以在使病毒顆粒與免疫細(xì)胞接觸之前,分離和/或純化病毒顆粒。在一些實(shí)施方案中,編碼本文所述的任何嵌合受體的rna分子,可以通過常規(guī)方法(例如體外轉(zhuǎn)錄)制備,然后通過已知方法引入合適的宿主細(xì)胞,例如本文所述的那些,例如rabinovich等人,humangenetherapy17:1027-1035。如下文實(shí)施例中所示,mrna電穿孔導(dǎo)致本發(fā)明的嵌合受體在t淋巴細(xì)胞中的有效表達(dá)。在將編碼本文提供的任何嵌合受體的載體或編碼嵌合載體的核酸(例如rna分子)導(dǎo)入宿主細(xì)胞后,在允許嵌合受體表達(dá)的條件下,培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞。在其中編碼嵌合受體的核酸由可調(diào)節(jié)啟動(dòng)子調(diào)節(jié)的實(shí)例中,宿主細(xì)胞在其中可調(diào)節(jié)啟動(dòng)子被激活的條件下進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。在一些實(shí)施方案中,啟動(dòng)子是誘導(dǎo)型啟動(dòng)子,并且在誘導(dǎo)分子存在下或在產(chǎn)生誘導(dǎo)分子的條件下培養(yǎng)免疫細(xì)胞。確定嵌合受體是否表達(dá),對(duì)于本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員是明顯的,并且可以通過任何已知的方法進(jìn)行評(píng)估,例如通過定量逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶pcr(qrt-pcr)檢測嵌合受體編碼mrna或檢測嵌合受體蛋白,包括western印跡、熒光顯微鏡和流式細(xì)胞術(shù)?;蛘撸逗鲜荏w的表達(dá)可以在將免疫細(xì)胞施用于受試者后在體內(nèi)發(fā)生?;蛘撸诒疚墓_的任何免疫細(xì)胞中嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的表達(dá),可以通過引入編碼嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的rna分子來實(shí)現(xiàn)。這樣的rna分子可以通過體外轉(zhuǎn)錄或通過化學(xué)合成制備。然后通過例如電穿孔,將rna分子引入合適的宿主細(xì)胞,例如免疫細(xì)胞(例如,t細(xì)胞、nk細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞或其任何組合)。例如,可以按照rabinovich等,humangenetherapy,17:1027-1035和wowo2013/040557中描述的方法,合成rna分子并將其引入宿主免疫細(xì)胞。用于制備表達(dá)本文所述的任何嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞的方法,還可以包括離體活化宿主細(xì)胞。激活宿主細(xì)胞指刺激宿主細(xì)胞進(jìn)入激活狀態(tài),在所述狀態(tài)下所述細(xì)胞能夠執(zhí)行效應(yīng)子功能(例如adcc)。激活宿主細(xì)胞的方法將取決于用于表達(dá)嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞的類型。例如,t細(xì)胞可以在一種或多種分子例如抗cd3抗體、抗cd28抗體、il-2或植物凝集素的存在下,進(jìn)行離體活化。在其他實(shí)施例中,nk細(xì)胞可以在一種或多種分子存在下進(jìn)行活化,例如4-1bb配體、抗4-1bb抗體、il-15、抗il-15受體抗體、il-2、il12、il-21和k562細(xì)胞。在一些實(shí)施方案中,表達(dá)本文所述的任何嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞,在施用于受試者之前在體外被活化。確定宿主細(xì)胞是否被激活,對(duì)于本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員是明顯的,并且可以包括評(píng)估與細(xì)胞活化、細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)或分泌和細(xì)胞形態(tài)相關(guān)的一種或多種細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志物的表達(dá)。制備表達(dá)本文所述的任何嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞的方法,可以包括離體擴(kuò)增宿主細(xì)胞。擴(kuò)增宿主細(xì)胞可以涉及導(dǎo)致表達(dá)嵌合受體的細(xì)胞數(shù)目增加的任何方法,例如允許宿主細(xì)胞增殖或刺激宿主細(xì)胞進(jìn)行增殖。刺激宿主細(xì)胞擴(kuò)增的方法取決于用于表達(dá)嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞的類型,并且對(duì)于本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員是明顯的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,表達(dá)本文所述的任何嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞,在給予受試者之前進(jìn)行離體擴(kuò)增。在一些實(shí)施方案中,表達(dá)嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞,在向受試者施用細(xì)胞之前在體外進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增和活化。宿主細(xì)胞激活和擴(kuò)增可用于使得病毒載體整合到基因組中并表達(dá)編碼如本文所述的嵌合受體的基因。如果使用mrna電穿孔,則可能不需要活化和/或擴(kuò)增,盡管在活化細(xì)胞上進(jìn)行時(shí)電穿孔可能更有效。在一些情況下,嵌合受體在合適的宿主細(xì)胞中瞬時(shí)表達(dá)(例如,3-5天)。如果存在潛在的毒性,瞬時(shí)表達(dá)可能是有利的,并且應(yīng)當(dāng)臨床測試的初始階段中對(duì)于測定可能的副作用是有幫助的。iv.表達(dá)嵌合受體的免疫細(xì)胞在免疫治療中的應(yīng)用本發(fā)明的示例性嵌合受體,賦予t淋巴細(xì)胞抗體依賴性細(xì)胞毒性(adcc)能力并增強(qiáng)nk細(xì)胞中的adcc。當(dāng)受體與結(jié)合腫瘤細(xì)胞的抗體(或包含fc部分的其他抗腫瘤分子)結(jié)合時(shí),其引發(fā)針對(duì)抗體(或包含fc部分的其它抗腫瘤分子)靶向的癌細(xì)胞的t細(xì)胞活化、持續(xù)增殖和特異性的細(xì)胞毒性)。如下文實(shí)施例部分所公開的,包含本發(fā)明的嵌合受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞,對(duì)廣泛的腫瘤細(xì)胞類型(包括b細(xì)胞淋巴瘤、乳腺癌和胃癌、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤和骨肉瘤)以及原發(fā)性慢性淋巴細(xì)胞性白血病(cll)具有高度的細(xì)胞毒性。細(xì)胞毒性完全依賴于與靶細(xì)胞結(jié)合的特異性抗體的存在:可溶性抗體不誘導(dǎo)溶細(xì)胞顆粒的胞吐并且不引起非特異性細(xì)胞毒性。cd16對(duì)ig的fc部分的親和力程度是adcc,并因此是抗體免疫治療的臨床反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵決定因素。選擇對(duì)ig具有高結(jié)合親和力并介導(dǎo)優(yōu)異adcc的具有v158多態(tài)性的cd16,作為一個(gè)實(shí)例。雖然f158受體在誘導(dǎo)t細(xì)胞增殖和adcc中具有比v158受體更低的效力,但是f158受體可能具有比v158受體更低的體內(nèi)毒性,這使其在一些臨床情況中是有用的。本發(fā)明的嵌合受體,通過允許一種單一受體用于多種癌細(xì)胞類型來促進(jìn)t細(xì)胞治療。它還允許同時(shí)靶向多種抗原,基于腫瘤利用的免疫逃逸機(jī)制(grupp等人,nengljmed),該可能最終是有利的策略。。當(dāng)需要時(shí),通過抗體給藥的簡單撤回就可以停止抗體介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性。因?yàn)楸磉_(dá)本發(fā)明的嵌合受體的t細(xì)胞僅由與靶細(xì)胞結(jié)合的抗體激活,所以未結(jié)合的免疫球蛋白不對(duì)輸注的t細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生任何刺激。通過使用mrna電穿孔瞬時(shí)表達(dá)嵌合受體,可限制任何潛在的自身免疫反應(yīng)性,從而進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)臨床安全性。下文實(shí)施例部分公開的結(jié)果表明,在用本發(fā)明的嵌合受體進(jìn)行遺傳修飾后,離體活化和擴(kuò)增并再輸注的自體t細(xì)胞的輸注,可顯著提高adcc。因?yàn)榻M合的cd3ζ/4-1bb信號(hào)還引起t細(xì)胞增殖,所以應(yīng)當(dāng)在腫瘤部位積聚活化的t細(xì)胞,這可以進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)它們的活性。因此,在一個(gè)實(shí)施方案中,本發(fā)明提供了在有需要的受試者(對(duì)象)中增強(qiáng)基于抗體的免疫治療的功效的方法,所述受試者正在用能夠結(jié)合癌細(xì)胞并具有人源化fc部分的抗體,其可以結(jié)合人cd16,所述方法包括:向受試者中引入治療有效量的t淋巴細(xì)胞或nk細(xì)胞,所述t淋巴細(xì)胞或nk細(xì)胞含有本發(fā)明的嵌合受體。a.增強(qiáng)免疫治療功效本發(fā)明所述的表達(dá)嵌合受體(編碼核酸或包含所述核酸的載體)的宿主細(xì)胞(例如免疫細(xì)胞),可用于增強(qiáng)受試者中的adcc和/或用于增強(qiáng)基于抗體的免疫治療的功效。在一些實(shí)施方案中,受試者是哺乳動(dòng)物,例如人、猴、小鼠、兔或家養(yǎng)哺乳動(dòng)物。在一些實(shí)施方案中,受試者是人。在一些實(shí)施方案中,受試者是人類癌癥患者。在一些實(shí)施方案中,受試者已經(jīng)用本文所述的任何治療性抗體治療或正在治療。免疫細(xì)胞可以與藥學(xué)上可接受的載體混合以形成藥物組合物,這也在本發(fā)明的范圍內(nèi)。為了進(jìn)行本文所述的方法,可將有效量的表達(dá)本文所述的任何嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的免疫細(xì)胞,施用于需要治療的受試者。免疫細(xì)胞可以是受試者自體的,即免疫細(xì)胞獲自需要治療的受試者,可以遺傳工程化以用于表達(dá)嵌合受體構(gòu)建物,然后施用于同一受試者。與施用非自體細(xì)胞相比,向受試者施用自體細(xì)胞可導(dǎo)致宿主細(xì)胞的排斥減少。或者,宿主細(xì)胞是同種異體細(xì)胞,即,細(xì)胞從第一受試者獲得,經(jīng)基因工程改造用于表達(dá)嵌合受體構(gòu)建物,并施用于不同于第一受試者但是相同物種的第二受試者。例如,同種異體免疫細(xì)胞可以源自人供體,并施用于不同于所述供體的人受體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,將免疫細(xì)胞施用于受試者,以有效增加adcc活性至少20%,例如50%、80%、100%、2倍、5倍、10倍、20倍、50倍、100倍或更多。在一些實(shí)施方案中,免疫細(xì)胞與治療性含fc的治療劑(例如抗體或fc融合分子如fc融合蛋白)共同使用,以便增強(qiáng)基于抗體的免疫治療的功效。基于抗體的免疫治療用于治療、減輕或減輕任何疾病或病癥的癥狀,其中對(duì)于所述疾病或病癥而言,免疫治療被認(rèn)為在受試者中是有用的。在這種治療中,治療性抗體可以結(jié)合在癌細(xì)胞上差異表達(dá)的細(xì)胞表面抗原(即,不在非癌細(xì)胞上表達(dá)或在非癌細(xì)胞上以較低水平表達(dá))。被治療性抗體結(jié)合并且表明表達(dá)所述抗原或靶分子的細(xì)胞應(yīng)當(dāng)遭受adcc的抗原或靶分子的實(shí)例,包括但不限于:cd17/l1-cam、cd19、cd20、cd22、cd30、cd33、cd37、cd52、cd56、cd70、cd79b、cd138、cea、ds6、egfr、egfrviii、enpp3、fr、gd2、gpnmb、her2、il-13rα2、間皮素、muc1、muc16、結(jié)合素4(nectin-4)、psma和scl44a4?;诳贵w的免疫治療的功效,可以通過本領(lǐng)域已知的任何方法評(píng)估,并且對(duì)于熟練的醫(yī)療專業(yè)人員是顯而易見的。例如,基于抗體的免疫治療的功效,可以通過受試者或者腫瘤的存活或者受試者或者其組織或者其樣品中的癌癥負(fù)荷來評(píng)估。在一些實(shí)施方案中,將免疫細(xì)胞以有效增強(qiáng)基于抗體的免疫治療的功效的量,施用于需要治療的受試者,從而與不存在免疫細(xì)胞的情況下的效力相比,顯示出更高至少20%的效率,例如50%、80%、100%、更優(yōu)選至少5倍、5倍、10倍、20倍、50倍、100倍或更多。在本文所述的任何方法中,免疫細(xì)胞例如t淋巴細(xì)胞或nk細(xì)胞,可以是從經(jīng)受治療的受試者分離的自體細(xì)胞。在一個(gè)具體實(shí)施方案中,在重新引入受試者之前,自體免疫細(xì)胞(例如t淋巴細(xì)胞或nk細(xì)胞)在活體外被活化和/或擴(kuò)增。在另一個(gè)實(shí)施方案中,免疫細(xì)胞(例如,t淋巴細(xì)胞或nk細(xì)胞)是同種異體細(xì)胞。在一個(gè)具體實(shí)施方案中,t淋巴細(xì)胞是同種異體t淋巴細(xì)胞,其中內(nèi)源性t細(xì)胞受體的表達(dá)已被抑制或消除。在一個(gè)具體實(shí)施方案中,在引入受試者之前,同種異體t淋巴細(xì)胞在活體外被活化和/或擴(kuò)增。t淋巴細(xì)胞可以通過本領(lǐng)域已知的任何方法,例如在抗cd3/cd28抗體、il-2和/或植物血細(xì)胞凝集素的存在下進(jìn)行活化。nk細(xì)胞可以通過本領(lǐng)域已知的任何方法活化,例如,在一種或多種選自下組的物質(zhì)下進(jìn)行活化:cd137配體蛋白、cd137抗體、il-15蛋白、il-15受體抗體、il-2蛋白、il-12蛋白、il-21蛋白和k562細(xì)胞系。參見例如美國專利號(hào)7,435,596和8,026,097,它們描述用于擴(kuò)增nk細(xì)胞的有用方法。例如,本發(fā)明的方法中使用的nk細(xì)胞,可以通過暴露于缺乏或表達(dá)主要組織相容性復(fù)合物i和/或ii分子并且已經(jīng)被遺傳修飾以表達(dá)膜結(jié)合的il-15和4-1bb配體(cdi37l)的細(xì)胞,優(yōu)選地進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增。這樣的細(xì)胞系包括但不必限于:k562[atcc,ccl243;lozzio等人,blood45(3):321-334(1975);klein等人,j.cancer18:421-431(1976)]和wilms腫瘤細(xì)胞系hfwt(fehniger等人,intrevimmunol20(3-4):503-534(2001);haradah,等人exphematol32(7):614-621(2004)),子宮內(nèi)膜瘤腫瘤細(xì)胞系hhua,黑素瘤細(xì)胞系hmv-ii,肝母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系huh-6,肺小細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞系lu-130和lu-134-a,成神經(jīng)細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系nb19和n1369,來自睪丸nec14的胚胎癌細(xì)胞系,宮頸癌細(xì)胞系tco-2和骨髓轉(zhuǎn)移的神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系tnb1[harada等人,jpn.j.cancerres93:313-319(2002)]。優(yōu)選地,所使用的細(xì)胞系缺乏或不足地表達(dá)mhci和ii分子,例如k562和hfwt細(xì)胞系??梢允褂霉腆w載體代替細(xì)胞系。這種固相載體應(yīng)優(yōu)選在其表面上附著至少一種的分子,所述分子能夠結(jié)合nk細(xì)胞并誘導(dǎo)初級(jí)活化事件和/或增殖反應(yīng),或作為骨架能夠結(jié)合具有這種效應(yīng)的分子。載體可以在其表面的附著有:cd137配體蛋白、cd137抗體、il-15蛋白或il-15受體抗體。優(yōu)選地,固相載體在其表面上結(jié)合有il-15受體抗體和cd137抗體。在上述方法的一個(gè)實(shí)施方案中,將t淋巴細(xì)胞或nk細(xì)胞引入(或再次引入)受試者,隨后給予受試者治療有效量的il-2。本發(fā)明的嵌合受體可用于治療任何癌癥,包括但不限于癌、淋巴瘤、肉瘤、胚細(xì)胞瘤和白血病,其中存在或能夠產(chǎn)生具有fc部分的特異性抗體與嵌合受體中的fc結(jié)合物之間的結(jié)合??梢酝ㄟ^本發(fā)明的嵌合受體治療的癌癥的具體非限制性實(shí)例,包括例如b細(xì)胞來源的癌癥(例如,b系急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病、b細(xì)胞慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病和b細(xì)胞非-霍奇金淋巴瘤),乳腺癌,胃癌,成神經(jīng)細(xì)胞瘤和骨肉瘤。為了實(shí)施本文公開的方法,可以將有效量的表達(dá)嵌合受體的免疫細(xì)胞、含fc的治療劑(例如,含fc的治療性蛋白,例如fc融合蛋白和治療性抗體)或其組合(物)施用于需要治療的受試者(例如,人類癌癥患者),這可通過合適的途徑例如靜脈內(nèi)施用。任何表達(dá)嵌合受體的免疫細(xì)胞、含fc的治療劑或其組合(物),可以以有效量施用于受試者。如本文所用,有效量是指在施用后賦予受試者治療效果的相應(yīng)藥劑(例如,表達(dá)嵌合受體的宿主細(xì)胞、含fc的治療劑或其組合物)的量。確定本文所述的細(xì)胞或組合物的量是否達(dá)到治療效果,對(duì)于本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員是明顯的。有效量取決于所治療的具體病癥、病癥的嚴(yán)重程度、個(gè)體患者參數(shù)包括年齡、身體狀況、大小、性別和體重、治療持續(xù)時(shí)間、并發(fā)治療的性質(zhì)(如果有的話)、具體的給藥途徑以及的類似因素,這是本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員知曉的并且是健康從業(yè)者的知識(shí)和專長范圍內(nèi)的。在一些實(shí)施方案中,有效量減輕、緩解、改善、改善、減少癥狀或延遲受試者中任何疾病或病癥的進(jìn)展。在一些實(shí)施方案中,受試者是人。在一些實(shí)施方案中,受試者是人類癌癥患者。例如,受試者可以是患有癌、淋巴瘤、肉瘤、胚細(xì)胞瘤或白血病的人類患者。施用本文公開的細(xì)胞和組合物的合適的癌癥的實(shí)例包括:例如淋巴瘤、乳腺癌、胃癌、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤、骨肉瘤、肺癌、皮膚癌、前列腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、腎細(xì)胞癌、卵巢癌癌癥、橫紋肌肉瘤、白血病、間皮瘤、胰腺癌、頭頸癌、視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤、成膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤和甲狀腺癌。根據(jù)本發(fā)明,可以通過輸注治療有效劑量的免疫細(xì)胞(例如包含本發(fā)明的嵌合受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞或nk細(xì)胞,其治療有效劑量在約105至1010或更多細(xì)胞每千克體重(細(xì)胞/kg)的范圍內(nèi))來治療患者。輸注可以經(jīng)常重復(fù)和重復(fù)多次,直到達(dá)到所需的反應(yīng)。合適的輸注劑量和方案將隨患者而變化,但可由治療醫(yī)師為特定患者確定。通常,輸注約106細(xì)胞/kg的初始劑量,升至108或更多細(xì)胞/kg。可以共同施用il-2以在輸注后擴(kuò)增所輸注的細(xì)胞。il-2的量可以是每平方米身體表面積約1-5×106國際單位。在一些實(shí)施方案中,將表達(dá)本文公開的任何嵌合受體的免疫細(xì)胞施用于已經(jīng)用含fc的治療劑(例如fc融合蛋白或治療性抗體)治療或正在治療的受試者。表達(dá)本文公開的任何一種嵌合受體的免疫細(xì)胞,可以與含fc的治療劑共同施用。例如,免疫細(xì)胞可以與治療性抗體同時(shí)施用于人類受試者。或者,免疫細(xì)胞可在基于抗體的免疫治療過程中施用于人類受試者。在一些實(shí)例中,免疫細(xì)胞和治療性抗體可以相隔至少4小時(shí),例如間隔至少12小時(shí)、間隔至少1天、間隔至少3天、間隔至少1周、至少相隔兩個(gè)星期、或至少相隔一個(gè)月。治療性含fc的治療性蛋白的實(shí)例包括但不限于:阿達(dá)木單抗、曲妥珠單抗-美金剛偶聯(lián)物(ado-trastuzumabemtansine)、阿侖單抗、巴利昔單抗、貝伐單抗、貝利木單抗、本妥昔單抗、卡那單抗、西妥昔單抗、達(dá)利珠單抗、地諾單抗、地努單抗(dinutuximab),依庫珠單抗、依法珠單抗、依帕珠單抗、吉妥株單抗、戈利木單抗、英利昔單抗、易普利單抗、拉貝珠單抗、那他珠單抗、阿托株單抗、奧法木單抗、奧馬珠單抗、帕利珠單抗、帕尼單抗、帕妥珠單抗、雷莫蘆單抗、利妥昔單抗、托西珠單抗、曲妥珠單抗(tratuzumab)、伏特克單抗、和維多珠單抗。使用的含fc的治療劑的合適劑量,將取決于要治療的癌癥的類型、疾病的嚴(yán)重性和病程、先前的治療、患者的臨床歷史和對(duì)抗體的反應(yīng)、以及主治醫(yī)師的判斷。抗體可以在一次或一系列治療中施用于患者。本發(fā)明的治療的進(jìn)展,可以通過常規(guī)技術(shù)和測定法容易地進(jìn)行監(jiān)測。含fc的治療劑的施用可以通過任何合適的途徑進(jìn)行,包括全身施用以及直接施用于疾病部位(例如原發(fā)性腫瘤)。b.組合治療本發(fā)明中描述的組合物和方法可以與用于癌癥的其他類型的治療(例如化療、手術(shù)、放射、基因治療等)聯(lián)合使用。這些治療可以與根據(jù)本發(fā)明的免疫治療同時(shí)或依次(以任何順序)進(jìn)行。當(dāng)與另外的治療劑共同施用時(shí),由于疊加作用或協(xié)同作用,每種試劑的合適的治療有效劑量可以降低。本發(fā)明的治療可以與其他免疫調(diào)節(jié)治療進(jìn)行組合,例如治療性疫苗(包括但不限于gvax,基于dc的疫苗等),檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑(包括但不限于:阻斷ctla4、pd1、lag3、tim3等)或活化劑(包括但不限于增強(qiáng)41bb,ox40等的試劑)??捎糜谂c本發(fā)明的免疫治療組合的其它治療劑的非限制性實(shí)例包括:(i)抗血管生成劑(例如tnp-470、血小板因子4、血小板反應(yīng)蛋白-1、金屬蛋白酶的組織抑制劑(timp1和timp2)、催乳素(16-kd片段)、血管抑素(纖溶酶原的38-kd片段)、內(nèi)皮抑制素、bfgf可溶性受體、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β、干擾素α、可溶性kdr和flt-1受體、胎盤增殖素相關(guān)蛋白,以及在carmeliet和jain(2000)中所列出的那些);(ii)vegf拮抗劑或vegf受體拮抗劑,例如抗vegf抗體、vegf變體、可溶性vegf受體片段、能夠阻斷vegf或vegfr的適體(aptamer)、中和性的抗vegfr抗體、vegfr酪氨酸激酶抑制劑及其任何組合;和(iii)化學(xué)治療化合物,例如嘧啶類似物(5-氟尿嘧啶、氟尿苷、卡培他濱、吉西他濱和阿糖胞苷),嘌呤類似物,葉酸拮抗劑和相關(guān)抑制劑(巰嘌呤、硫鳥嘌呤、噴司他丁和2-氯脫氧腺苷(克拉屈濱));抗增殖劑/抗有絲分裂劑,包括天然產(chǎn)物如長春花生物堿(長春花堿、長春新堿和長春瑞濱(vinorelbine)),微管干擾劑如紫杉烷(紫杉醇、多西他賽),長春新堿,長春花堿,諾考達(dá)唑,埃坡霉素和諾維本(navelbine),表鬼臼毒素(依托泊苷、替尼泊苷),dna破壞劑(放線菌素、安吖啶(amsacrine)、蒽環(huán)霉素、博萊霉素、白消安、喜樹堿、卡鉑、苯丁酸氮芥、順鉑、環(huán)磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)、環(huán)磷酰胺(cytoxan)、更生霉素、柔紅霉素、多柔比星、表柔比星、六甲胺奧沙利鉑(hexamethyhnelamineoxaliplatin)、異環(huán)磷酰胺、美法侖(melphalan)、二氯甲基二乙胺(merchlorehtamine)、絲裂霉素、米托蒽醌、亞硝基脲、普卡霉素、甲基芐肼、紫杉醇、泰索帝、替尼泊甙、三亞乙基硫代磷酰胺和依托泊苷(vp16));抗生素如更生霉素(放線菌素d)、柔紅霉素、多柔比星(阿霉素)、伊達(dá)比星、蒽環(huán)霉素、米托蒽醌、博萊霉素、普卡霉素(光輝霉素)和絲裂霉素;酶(l-天冬酰胺酶,其在全身代謝l-天冬酰胺并去除不具有合成自身天冬酰胺的能力的細(xì)胞);抗血小板藥;抗增殖和抗有絲分裂的烷化劑,如氮芥(二氯甲基二乙胺、環(huán)磷酰胺及其類似物、美法侖、苯丁酸氮芥)、乙烯亞胺和甲基三聚氰胺(六甲蜜胺和噻替派)、烷基磺酸鹽-白消安、亞硝基脲(卡莫司汀(bcnu)及其類似物,鏈脲霉素),曲安-達(dá)卡巴嗪(dtic);抗增殖/抗有絲分裂的抗代謝物,如葉酸類似物(甲氨蝶呤);鉑配位絡(luò)合物(順鉑、卡鉑),丙卡巴肼,羥基脲,米托坦,氨魯米特;激素,激素類似物(雌激素、他莫昔芬、戈舍瑞林、比卡魯胺、尼魯米特)和芳香酶抑制劑(來曲唑、阿那曲唑);抗凝血?jiǎng)?肝素、合成的肝素鹽和其他凝血酶抑制劑);纖維蛋白溶解劑(例如組織纖溶酶原激活劑、鏈激酶和尿激酶),阿司匹林、雙嘧達(dá)莫、噻氯匹定、氯吡格雷、阿昔單抗;抗遷移劑;抗分泌劑(布雷菲德菌素(breveldin));免疫抑制劑(環(huán)孢菌素、他克莫司(fk-506)、西羅莫司(雷帕霉素)、硫唑嘌呤、霉酚酸嗎乙酯);抗血管生成化合物(例如tnp-470、染料木黃酮(genistein)、貝伐單抗)和生長因子抑制劑(例如成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(fgf)抑制劑);血管緊張素受體阻斷劑;一氧化氮供體;反義寡核苷酸;抗體(曲妥珠單抗);細(xì)胞周期抑制劑和分化誘導(dǎo)劑(維甲酸);mtor抑制劑,拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶抑制劑(多柔比星(阿霉素)、安吖啶、喜樹堿、柔紅霉素、更生霉素、依諾霉素、表柔比星、依托泊苷、伊達(dá)比星和米托蒽醌、托泊替康、伊立替康),皮質(zhì)類固醇(可的松、地塞米松、氫化可的松、甲基強(qiáng)的松龍、潑尼松和潑尼松龍)。生長因子信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)激酶抑制劑;線粒體功能障礙誘導(dǎo)劑和半胱天冬酶激活劑;和染色質(zhì)破壞劑。另外有用的試劑的實(shí)例,還參見physician'sdeskreference,第59版,(2005),thomsonpdr出版(montvalen.j);gennaro等人編輯的remington'sthescienceandpracticeofpharmacy,20版,(2000),lippincottwilliams和wilkins出版社(baltimoremd);braunwald等人編輯,harrison'sprinciplesofinternalmedicine,15版,(2001),mcgrawhill,ny;berkow等人編輯,themerckmanualofdiagnosisandtherapy,(1992),merckresearchlaboratories出版(rahwayn.j.)。v.用于治療用途的試劑盒本發(fā)明還提供了用于使用嵌合受體的試劑盒,從而增強(qiáng)抗體依賴性細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性和增強(qiáng)基于抗體的免疫治療。這樣的試劑盒可包括一個(gè)或多個(gè)容器,所述容器包含第一藥物組合物和第二藥物組合物,所述第一藥物組合物包含任何核酸或宿主細(xì)胞(例如,免疫細(xì)胞,例如本文所述的那些)和藥學(xué)上可接受的載體,所述第二藥物組合物包含治療性抗體和藥學(xué)上可接受的載體。在一些實(shí)施方案中,試劑盒可以包含用于本文所述的任何方法的說明書。所包括的說明書可以包括:對(duì)受試者施用第一和第二藥物組合物以實(shí)現(xiàn)受試者的預(yù)期活性(例如增強(qiáng)adcc活性和/或增強(qiáng)基于抗體的免疫治療的功效)的描述。試劑盒可以進(jìn)一步包括基于鑒定受試者是否需要治療來選擇適于治療的受試者的描述。在一些實(shí)施方案中,說明書包括將第一和第二藥物組合物給予需要治療的受試者的描述。與本文所述的嵌合受體和第一和第二藥物組合物的使用有關(guān)的說明,通常包括關(guān)于用于預(yù)期治療的劑量、給藥方案和給藥途徑的信息。容器可以是單元?jiǎng)┝俊⒋蟀b(例如多劑量包裝)或亞單元?jiǎng)┝?。在本發(fā)明的試劑盒中提供的說明書,通常是在標(biāo)簽或包裝說明書上的書面說明。所述標(biāo)簽或包裝說明書表明,所述藥物組合物被用于治療、延遲和/或緩解受試者的疾病或病癥的發(fā)作。本文提供的試劑盒位于合適的包裝中。合適的包裝包括但不限于:小瓶,瓶、罐、柔性包裝等。還考慮了與特定裝置(例如吸入器、鼻腔給藥裝置或輸注裝置)組合使用的包裝。試劑盒可以具有無菌進(jìn)入端口(例如,容器可以是靜脈內(nèi)溶液袋或小瓶,它們具有可被皮下注射針頭刺穿的塞子)。容器還可以具有無菌入口。藥物組合物中的至少一種活性劑是本文所述的嵌合受體。試劑盒可任選地提供額外的組分,例如緩沖液和解釋性信息。通常,試劑盒包括容器和在容器上或與容器相關(guān)聯(lián)的標(biāo)簽或包裝插頁。在一些實(shí)施方案中,本發(fā)明提供一制品,該制品包含上述試劑盒內(nèi)含物。通用技術(shù)除非另有說明,否則本發(fā)明的實(shí)踐將采用分子生物學(xué)(包括重組技術(shù))、微生物學(xué)、細(xì)胞生物學(xué)、生物化學(xué)和免疫學(xué)的常規(guī)技術(shù),這些技術(shù)在本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)范圍內(nèi)。這樣的技術(shù)在文獻(xiàn)中有充分的闡述,例如“分子克?。簩?shí)驗(yàn)手冊”(molecularcloning:alaboratorymanual),第二版(sambrook,等人,1989)coldspringharbor出版社;寡核苷酸合成(m.j.gait,編,1984);分子生物學(xué)方法(methodsinmolecularbiology),humana出版社;“細(xì)胞生物學(xué):實(shí)驗(yàn)手冊”(cellbiology:alaboratorynotebook(j.e.cellis編輯,1989)學(xué)術(shù)出版社;動(dòng)物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)(r.i.freshney編輯.1987);細(xì)胞和組織培養(yǎng)的介紹(j.p.mather和p.e.roberts,1998)plenum出版社;“細(xì)胞和組織培養(yǎng):實(shí)驗(yàn)室程序”(cellandtissueculture:laboratoryprocedures)(a.doyle,j.b.griffiths和d.g.newell編輯,1993-8)j.wileyandsons出版;酶學(xué)方法(methodsinenzymology)(學(xué)術(shù)出版社公司);實(shí)驗(yàn)免疫學(xué)手冊(handbookofexperimentalimmunology)(d.m.weir和c.c.blackwell編):用于哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞的基因轉(zhuǎn)移載體(genetransfervectorsformammaliancells)(j.m.miller和m.p.calos編,1987);分子生物學(xué)的當(dāng)前方案(currentprotocolsinmolecularbiology)(f.m.ausubel,等人編輯,1987);pcr:聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(pcr:thepolymerasechainreaction),(mullis,等人編輯1994);免疫學(xué)的當(dāng)前方案(currentprotocolsinimmunology)(j.e.coligan等人編,1991);分子生物學(xué)的短小方案(shortprotocolsinmolecularbiology)(wiley和sons,1999);免疫生物學(xué)(c.a.janeway和p.travers,1997);抗體(p.fanch,1997);抗體:實(shí)踐方法(d.catty編輯,irl出版社,1988-1989);單克隆抗體:實(shí)用方法(p.shepherd和c.dean編,牛津大學(xué)出版社,2000);使用抗體:實(shí)驗(yàn)室手冊(e.harlow和d.lane(coldspringharborlaboratory出版社,1999);抗體(theantibodies)(m.zanetti和jdcapra編輯,harwoodacademicpublishers,1995);dna克?。簩?shí)踐方法,卷i和ii(d.n.glover編輯.1985);核酸雜交(b.d.hames&s.j.higgins編(1985);轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯(b.d.hames&s.j.higgins,編(1984);動(dòng)物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)(r.i.freshney,(1986);固定化的細(xì)胞和酶(1rl出版社,(1986);和b.perbal,分子克隆的實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)(apracticalguidetomolecularcloning)(1984);f.m.ausubel等人(編))。無需進(jìn)一步詳細(xì)描述,相信本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員可以基于上述描述最大程度地利用本發(fā)明。因此,以下具體實(shí)施例應(yīng)被解釋為僅僅是說明性的,而不以任何方式限制本發(fā)明的其余部分。本文引用的所有出版物,通過引用并入本文用于參考的目的或主題。實(shí)施例1實(shí)施例1.表達(dá)cd16信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)受體的t淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)揮抗體依賴性癌細(xì)胞殺傷效力材料和方法細(xì)胞人類b譜系淋巴瘤細(xì)胞系daudi和ramos、t細(xì)胞急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞系jurkat和神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系chla-255、nb1691和sk-n-sh,可在圣猶達(dá)兒童研究醫(yī)院(st.judechildren'sresearchhospital)獲得。乳腺癌細(xì)胞系mcf-7(atcchtb-22)和sk-br-3(atcchtb-30)和骨肉瘤細(xì)胞系u-2os(atcchtb-96)獲自美國典型培養(yǎng)物保藏中心(atcc;羅克維爾(rockville),馬里蘭州(md));胃癌細(xì)胞系mkn7來自國家生物醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新研究所(nationalinstituteofbiomedicalinnovation)(大阪,日本)。還用鼠干細(xì)胞病毒(mscv)-內(nèi)核糖體進(jìn)入位點(diǎn)(ires)-綠色熒光蛋白(gfp)逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒載體(含有包含螢火蟲熒光素酶基因)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)daudi、chla-255、nb1691、sk-n-sh、sk-br-3、mcf-7、u-2os和mkn734。用facsaria細(xì)胞分選儀(bdbiosciences,sanjose,ca)篩選表達(dá)gfp的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞。來自新診斷和未治療的b-慢性淋巴細(xì)胞性白血病(cll)患者的外周血或骨髓樣品,在管轄新加坡國立大學(xué)醫(yī)院的地區(qū)特定倫理委員會(huì)的知情同意和批準(zhǔn)后獲得。外周血樣品獲自來自健康成人供體的血小板捐獻(xiàn)的未鑒定的副產(chǎn)物。通過在accu-prep人類淋巴細(xì)胞細(xì)胞分離培養(yǎng)基(accuratechemical&scientificcorp.,westbury,ny)上離心富集單核細(xì)胞,并與抗cd3/cd28珠(invitrogen,carlsbad,ca)在含有%10胎牛血清(fbs)、抗生素、100iu白細(xì)胞介素(il)-2(roche,mannheim,德國)的rpmi-1640中一起培養(yǎng)3天。在第4天,通過用cd14、cd16、cd19、cd36、cd56、cd123和cd235a抗體和磁珠(pantcellisolationkitii;miltenyibiotec,bergischgladbach,germany)的混合物,進(jìn)行陰性選擇純化t細(xì)胞(純度,>98%)。將純化的t細(xì)胞維持在上述培養(yǎng)基中,每隔一天加入100iuil-2。質(zhì)粒,病毒生產(chǎn)和基因轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)pmscv-ires-gfp、peq-pam3(-e)和prdf獲自圣猶達(dá)兒童研究醫(yī)院載體開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)共享資源(st.judechildren'sresearchhospitalvectordevelopmentandproductionsharedresource(memphis,tn))10。fcrg3acdna獲自origene(rockville,md),使用引物“f”cttctgcagggggcttgttgggagtaaaaatgtgtc(seqidno:73)和“r”gacacatttttactcccaacaagccccctgcagaag(seqidno:74),通過pcr進(jìn)行定點(diǎn)誘變產(chǎn)生其v158f變體。將編碼cd8α鉸鏈和跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域的多核苷酸(seqidno:66)和4-1bb的細(xì)胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域(seqidno:67)和cd3ζ(seqidno:68)從之前制備的抗cd19-41bb-cd3ζcdna(imai等人,2004)中亞克隆。這些分子使用通過pcr的重疊延伸并進(jìn)行剪接而組裝。將構(gòu)建物(“cd16f-bb-ζ”和“cd16v-bb-ζ”)和所述表達(dá)盒亞克隆到mscv-ires-gfp載體的ecori和mlu1位點(diǎn)。為了產(chǎn)生rd114假型逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒,使用fugene6或x-tremegene9(roche,indianapolis,in),用3.5μg編碼cd16v-bb-ζ的cdna、3.5μgpeq-pam3(-e)和3μg的prdf轉(zhuǎn)染3x106293t細(xì)胞(imai等人,2004)。用含10%fbs的rpmi-1640替換所述培養(yǎng)基24小時(shí)后,在48-96小時(shí)后收獲含有逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒的培養(yǎng)基,并加入到retronectin(takara,otsu,japan)包被的聚丙烯管中,將其在1400g離心10分鐘并在37℃溫育6小時(shí)。在進(jìn)一步離心并除去上清液后,將t細(xì)胞(1×105)加入管中并在37℃下放置24小時(shí)。然后將細(xì)胞維持在含有fbs、抗生素和100iu/mlil-2的rpmi-1640中,直到實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間,在轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)后7-21天。通過使用r-phycoerythrin結(jié)合的抗人cd16(克隆b73.1,bdbiosciencespharmingen,sandiego,ca)的流式細(xì)胞儀,分析cd16的表面表達(dá)。對(duì)于蛋白(western)印跡,將2×107個(gè)t細(xì)胞在含有1%蛋白酶抑制劑混合物(sigma)和1%磷酸酶抑制劑混合物2(sigma)的cellyticm裂解緩沖液(sigma,stlouis,mo)中裂解,離心后,將裂解物上清液與等體積的具有或不具有還原緩沖液(invitrogen)的lds緩沖液(invitrogen,carlsbad,ca)一起煮沸,然后通過nupagenovex12%bis-tris凝膠(invitrogen)分離。將蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移至聚偏二氟乙烯(pvdf)膜,其與小鼠抗人cd3ζ(克隆8d3;bdebiosciencepharmingen),然后與山羊抗小鼠igg辣根過氧化物酶偶聯(lián)的的二抗(cellsignalingtechnology,danvers,ma)進(jìn)行孵育。通過使用amershameclprime檢測試劑(gehealthcare)顯示抗體結(jié)合。mrna電穿孔pvax1載體(invitrogen,carlsbad,ca)用作體外mrna轉(zhuǎn)錄的模板。將cd16v-bb-ζcdna亞克隆到pvax1的ecori和xbai位點(diǎn)。相應(yīng)的mrna在體外用t7mscriptmrna生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)(cellscript,madison,wi)轉(zhuǎn)錄。shimasaki等人,cytotherapy。2012;14(7):830-40。對(duì)于電穿孔,使用amaxanucleofector(lonza,walkersville,md);將1×107個(gè)用200iu/mlil-2過夜活化的純化t細(xì)胞,與200μg/mlmrna在celllinenucleofectorkitv(lonza)中混合,轉(zhuǎn)移到處理室中,并使用程序x-001轉(zhuǎn)染。電穿孔后立即將細(xì)胞從處理室轉(zhuǎn)移到24孔板中,然后在含有fbs、抗生素和100iu/mlil-2(roche,mannheim,germany)的rpmi-1640中培養(yǎng)。還參見shimasaki等人,cytotherapy,2012,1-11??贵w結(jié)合,細(xì)胞偶聯(lián)和細(xì)胞增殖測定為了測量嵌合受體的抗體結(jié)合能力,將用嵌合受體或僅含有g(shù)fp的載體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞(5×105)與利妥昔單抗(rituxan,roche;0.1-1μg/ml),曲妥珠單抗(赫賽汀,roche;0.1-1μg/ml)和/或純化的人igg(r&dsystems,minneapolis,mn;0.1-1μg/ml),在4℃溫育30分鐘。用磷酸鹽緩沖鹽水(pbs)洗滌兩次后,將細(xì)胞與山羊抗人igg-pe(southernbiotechnologyassociates,birmingham,al)在室溫下溫育10分鐘,并使用accuric6流式細(xì)胞儀(bdbiosciences)測量細(xì)胞染色。為了確定抗體與受體結(jié)合是否促進(jìn)細(xì)胞聚集,用celltrace鈣黃綠素紅橙色am(invitrogen)標(biāo)記cd20陽性daudi細(xì)胞,然后在4℃與利妥昔單抗(0.1μg/ml)溫育30分鐘。在pbs中洗滌兩次后,轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)嵌合受體或模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的jurkat細(xì)胞在96孔圓底板(costar,corning,ny)中在1:1的e:t比例下,在37℃下溫育60分鐘。通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測定形成異源細(xì)胞聚集體(鈣黃綠素am-gfp雙陽性)的細(xì)胞的比例。為了測量細(xì)胞增殖,將用嵌合受體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)或模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的1×106個(gè)t細(xì)胞置于含有fbs、抗生素和50iu/mlil-2的rpmi-1640的24孔板的孔中(costar,corning,ny)。用streck細(xì)胞防腐劑(strecklaboratories,omaha,ne)處理daudi細(xì)胞以終止增殖,并在4℃用利妥昔單抗(0.1μg/ml)標(biāo)記30分鐘。在第0、7、14和21天,將它們與t細(xì)胞以1:1的比例加入到孔中。通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測量培養(yǎng)后的存活的t細(xì)胞的數(shù)量n。cd107脫顆粒和細(xì)胞毒性測定為了確定cd16交聯(lián)是否引起裂解顆粒的胞吐作用,將嵌合受體和模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t細(xì)胞(1×105)置于利妥昔單抗包被的96孔平底板的每個(gè)孔中,并在37℃下培養(yǎng)4小時(shí)。在其他實(shí)驗(yàn)中,將t細(xì)胞與用利妥昔單抗預(yù)溫育過的daudi細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)。在培養(yǎng)開始時(shí)加入偶聯(lián)有藻紅蛋白(bdbiosciences)的抗人cd107a抗體,1小時(shí)后加入golgistop(0.15微升;bdbiosciences)。通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析cd107a陽性t細(xì)胞。為了測試細(xì)胞毒性,將靶細(xì)胞懸浮于含有10%fbs的rpmi-1640中,用鈣黃綠素am(invitrogen)標(biāo)記,并接種在96孔圓底板(costar)中。以結(jié)果中所示的各種e:t比例加入t細(xì)胞,并與靶細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)4小時(shí),有或沒有抗體利妥昔單抗(rituxan,roche)、曲妥株單抗(herceptin,roche)或hu14.18k322a(獲自dr.jamesallay,stjudechildren'sgmp,memphis,tn;以1μg/ml)。在培養(yǎng)結(jié)束時(shí),收集細(xì)胞,重懸于相同體積的pbs中,加入碘化丙啶。使用accuric6流式細(xì)胞儀對(duì)活的靶細(xì)胞(鈣黃綠素陽性,碘化丙啶陰性)的數(shù)量進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)34。對(duì)于貼壁細(xì)胞系,使用熒光素酶標(biāo)記的靶細(xì)胞測試細(xì)胞毒性。為了測量對(duì)貼壁細(xì)胞系nb1691、chla-255、sk-br-3、mcf-7、u-2os和mkn7的細(xì)胞毒性,使用它們的經(jīng)熒光素酶標(biāo)記的衍生物。在鋪板至少4小時(shí)后,如上所述加入t細(xì)胞。共培養(yǎng)4小時(shí)后,將promegabright-glo熒光素酶試劑(promega,madison,wi)加入每個(gè)孔中。5分鐘后,使用酶標(biāo)儀biotekflx800(biotek,tucson,az)測量發(fā)光,并用gen52.0數(shù)據(jù)分析軟件分析。異種移植實(shí)驗(yàn)將表達(dá)熒光素酶的daudi細(xì)胞腹膜內(nèi)(i.p.;0.3×106個(gè)細(xì)胞/小鼠)注射進(jìn)nod.cg-prkdcscidil2rgtm1wj1/szj(nod/scidil2rgnull)小鼠(jacksonlaboratory,barharbor)中。一些小鼠在daudi接種后4天,接受利妥昔單抗(100μg)腹膜內(nèi)注射。有或沒有在第5天和第6天,腹膜內(nèi)注射人原代t細(xì)胞。用抗cd3/cd28珠激活t細(xì)胞3天,用cd16v-bb-ζ受體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),重懸于含有10%fbs的rpmi-1640中,然后每只小鼠注射1×107個(gè)細(xì)胞。每周重復(fù)利妥昔單抗注射4周,無進(jìn)一步的t淋巴細(xì)胞注射。所有小鼠接受腹腔注射1000-2000iu的il-2,每周兩次,持續(xù)4周。一組小鼠接受組織培養(yǎng)基,以代替利妥昔單抗或t細(xì)胞。使用xenogenivis-200系統(tǒng)(caliperlifesciences,hopkinton,ma)測量腫瘤的植入和生長。成像在腹腔注射d-熒光素鉀鹽的水溶液(3mg/小鼠)后5分鐘開始,使用livingimage3.0軟件對(duì)從熒光素酶表達(dá)細(xì)胞發(fā)射的光子進(jìn)行定量。結(jié)果cd16v-bb-ζ受體的表達(dá)在約四分之一的個(gè)體中表達(dá)fcgr3a(cd16)的v158多態(tài)性,該多態(tài)性編碼高親和力免疫球蛋白fc受體,并且與抗體治療的有利反應(yīng)相關(guān)。將fcgr3a基因的v158變體與cd8α的鉸鏈和跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域、t細(xì)胞刺激分子cd3ζ和共刺激分子4-1bb(圖1a)組合。使用含有cd16v-bb-ζ構(gòu)建物和gfp的mcsv逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒載體,轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)來自12個(gè)供體的外周血t淋巴細(xì)胞:cd3+細(xì)胞中的中值gfp表達(dá)為89.9%(范圍,75.3%-97.1%);在相同的細(xì)胞中,通過抗cd16染色評(píng)估的嵌合受體表面表達(dá)中值為83.0%(67.5%-91.8%)(圖1b)。用僅含gfp的載體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的來自相同供體的t淋巴細(xì)胞具有90.3%(67.8%-98.7%)的gfp表達(dá)中值,但僅有1.0%(0.1%-2.7%)的cd16表達(dá)(圖1b)。cd4+和cd8+t細(xì)胞之間的受體表達(dá)無顯著差異:與77.6%±9.2%的cd8+細(xì)胞相比,用cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)后,69.8%±10.8%的cd4+細(xì)胞是cd16+(圖2)。為了確保嵌合受體的其他組分被表達(dá),通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測量cd3ζ的表達(dá)水平。如圖1b所示。cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞表達(dá)cd3ζ的水平比模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)細(xì)胞表達(dá)的水平高得多:前者的平均熒光強(qiáng)度的平均值(±sd)為45,985±16,365,而后者為12,547±4,296(通過t檢驗(yàn),p=0.027;n=3;圖1b)。還通過用抗cd3ζ抗體探測的蛋白印跡來測定嵌合蛋白的存在。如圖1c所示,除了16kda的內(nèi)源性cd3ζ外,cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞在還原條件下表達(dá)約25kda的嵌合蛋白。在非還原條件下,cd16v-bb-ζ蛋白顯示表達(dá)為單體或50kda的二聚體。v158與f158cd16受體的抗體結(jié)合能力為了測試cd16v-bb-ζ嵌合受體結(jié)合免疫球蛋白(ig)的能力,轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)來自3個(gè)供體的外周血t淋巴細(xì)胞。如圖3a所示,在與利妥昔單抗孵育后,用抗體包被表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ的t淋巴細(xì)胞。使用曲妥珠單抗和人igg獲得相似的結(jié)果。然后,將含有fcgr3a(cd16)的高親和力v158多態(tài)性的cd16v-bb-ζ受體的ig結(jié)合能力,與含有f158變體替代的相同受體(“cd16f-bb-ζ”)的ig結(jié)合能力進(jìn)行比較。用任一受體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)jurkat細(xì)胞后,將其與利妥昔單抗和抗人igpe抗體(結(jié)合利妥昔單抗)一起溫育,pe熒光強(qiáng)度與gfp的熒光強(qiáng)度相關(guān)。如圖3b所示,在任何給定水平的gfp,用cd16v-bb-ζ受體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞具有比用cd16f-bb-ζ受體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞更高的pe熒光強(qiáng)度,這表明前者具有顯著更高的抗體-結(jié)合親和力。曲妥珠單抗和人igg也通過cd16v-bb-ζ受體以更高親和力結(jié)合(圖4)。為了確定與cd16v-bb-ζ受體結(jié)合的抗體是否能夠促進(jìn)效應(yīng)細(xì)胞和靶細(xì)胞的聚集,將表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ(和gfp)的jurkat細(xì)胞與cd20+daudi細(xì)胞系(用鈣黃綠素am紅橙進(jìn)行標(biāo)記)以1:1的比例混合60分鐘,并且在加入或不加入利妥昔單抗的情況下,測量gfp-鈣黃綠素雙聯(lián)體(doublets)的形成。在3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,如果表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ受體的jurkat細(xì)胞并在利妥昔單抗存在時(shí),則共培養(yǎng)物中39.0%±1.9%的結(jié)果是雙聯(lián)體(圖3c和d)。相比之下,用人igg代替利妥昔單抗,或用模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的jurkat細(xì)胞時(shí),則不管是否存在利妥昔單抗,雙聯(lián)體小于5%。ig與cd16v-bb-ζ的結(jié)合誘導(dǎo)t細(xì)胞活化、脫顆粒和細(xì)胞增殖評(píng)估了通過固定化抗體的cd16v-bb-ζ受體交聯(lián)是否可以誘導(dǎo)t淋巴細(xì)胞中的激活信號(hào)。事實(shí)上,當(dāng)在包被有利妥昔單抗的平板上培養(yǎng)時(shí),用cd16v-bb-ζ轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t淋巴細(xì)胞顯著增加了il-2受體表達(dá)(cd25),而在無抗體的情況下或在模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞中,而不管是否存在抗體,沒有檢測到變化(圖5a和b)。除了il-2受體的表達(dá),cd16v-bb-ζ受體交聯(lián)引發(fā)了t淋巴細(xì)胞中裂解顆粒的胞吐作用,這通過cd107a染色被檢測到。因此,在來自4個(gè)供體的t淋巴細(xì)胞接種在利妥昔單抗(n=3)包被的微量滴定板上或在利妥昔單抗(n=3)存在下與daudi細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)的6個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ的t淋巴細(xì)胞變?yōu)閏d107a陽性(圖5c)。最后,確定受體交聯(lián)是否可以誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞增殖。如圖5d所示,在利妥昔單抗和daudi細(xì)胞(與t淋巴細(xì)胞以1:1的比例)存在下,對(duì)表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ的t淋巴細(xì)胞進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增:在3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,培養(yǎng)7天后的平均t細(xì)胞回收率為輸入細(xì)胞的632%(±97%);培養(yǎng)4周后,為6877%(±1399%)。值得注意的是,未結(jié)合的利妥昔單抗,即使在非常高的濃度下(1-10μg/ml),在不存在靶細(xì)胞的情況下對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖沒有顯著的影響,并且在沒有利妥昔單抗或在模擬轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t細(xì)胞中,則不論是否存在抗體和/或靶細(xì)胞,都沒有細(xì)胞生長(圖5d)。因此,cd16v-bb-ζ受體的交聯(lián)作用會(huì)誘導(dǎo)導(dǎo)致持續(xù)增殖的信號(hào)。表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ的t淋巴細(xì)胞在體外和體內(nèi)介導(dǎo)adcc觀察到cd16v-bb-ζ交聯(lián)引起裂解顆粒的胞吐作用,這意味著cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠在特異性抗體存在下殺死靶細(xì)胞。實(shí)際上,在4小時(shí)體外細(xì)胞毒性測定中,在利妥昔單抗存在下,cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞對(duì)b細(xì)胞淋巴瘤細(xì)胞系daudi和ramos具有高度細(xì)胞毒性:超過50%的靶細(xì)胞,通常在以2:1的e:t比率共培養(yǎng)的4小時(shí)后裂解(圖6和圖7)。相比之下,在不存在抗體或模擬對(duì)照轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t細(xì)胞的情況下,靶細(xì)胞的殺傷是低的(圖6和圖7)。值得注意的是,在這些實(shí)驗(yàn)中使用的效應(yīng)細(xì)胞是cd3+t淋巴細(xì)胞高度富集的(>98%),并且不含可檢測的cd3-cd56+nk細(xì)胞。利妥昔單抗介導(dǎo)的cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性用,對(duì)于cd20+的原代cll細(xì)胞也是明顯的(n=5)。如圖6b所示,在2:1的e:t比例下共培養(yǎng)4小時(shí)后,細(xì)胞毒性通常超過70%。骨髓間充質(zhì)基質(zhì)細(xì)胞已顯示出可發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用。為了測試這是否會(huì)影響cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性能力,將它們在骨髓來源的間充質(zhì)基質(zhì)細(xì)胞存在下,在1:2的e:t比下,與cll細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)24小時(shí)。如圖6c所示,間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞不減少介導(dǎo)adcc的淋巴細(xì)胞的殺傷能力。接下來,研究不同的免疫治療抗體是否可以引發(fā)針對(duì)表達(dá)相應(yīng)抗原的腫瘤細(xì)胞的相似的細(xì)胞毒性。因此,針對(duì)表達(dá)her2(乳腺癌細(xì)胞系mcf-7和sk-br-3,以及胃癌細(xì)胞系mkn7)或gd2(神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系chla-255、nb1691和sk-n-sh,以及骨肉瘤細(xì)胞系u2-os)的實(shí)體腫瘤細(xì)胞,測試cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性。)。抗體曲妥珠單抗用于靶向her2,而hu14.18k322a用于靶向gd2。cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞,在相應(yīng)抗體存在下,對(duì)這些細(xì)胞具有高度細(xì)胞毒性(圖6和圖7)。在使用nb1691的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,還通過將培養(yǎng)物延長至24小時(shí),測試是否可以在甚至更低的e:t比下實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞毒性。如圖8所示,在hu14.18k322a存在下,在1:8比率下細(xì)胞毒性超過50%。為了進(jìn)一步測試cd16v-bb-ζ介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞殺傷的特異性,將cd20+daudi細(xì)胞與cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞和不同特異性的抗體一起培養(yǎng):僅利妥昔單抗介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞毒性,而在曲妥珠單抗或hu14.18k322a存在下,細(xì)胞毒性沒有增加(圖8)。最后,確定在免疫治療抗體存在下,cd16v-bb-ζ介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞殺傷是否可被未結(jié)合的單體型igg所抑制。如圖8所示,即使igg以高于細(xì)胞結(jié)合的免疫治療抗體的高1000倍的濃度存在,也不會(huì)影響t細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性。為了測量體內(nèi)cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤能力,用植入熒光素酶標(biāo)記的daudi細(xì)胞的nod/scidil2rgnull小鼠進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。通過在接受cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞+利妥昔單抗的小鼠中的活體成像,來測量腫瘤生長,并且將它們的結(jié)果與僅接受利妥昔單抗或t淋巴細(xì)胞或未接受治療的小鼠進(jìn)行比較。如圖9所示,腫瘤細(xì)胞在所有小鼠中增殖,除了先接受利妥昔單抗然后cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞的小鼠。與未處理的或接受抗體或單獨(dú)的細(xì)胞處理的12只小鼠中留下0只相比,用這種組合治療的所有5只小鼠在腫瘤注射的120多天后仍然緩解。在植入成神經(jīng)細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系nb1691并用hu14.18k322a和cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞處理的小鼠中,也觀察到強(qiáng)的抗腫瘤活性(圖10)。cd16v-bb-ζ與其他受體的比較首先比較了攜帶cd16v-bb-ζ或cd16f-bb-ζ受體的t細(xì)胞的功能。cd16f-bb-ζ受體誘導(dǎo)的t細(xì)胞增殖和adcc,均高于在模擬對(duì)照轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的t細(xì)胞中的測量值。然而,與其對(duì)ig的更高親和力一致,cd16v-bb-ζ受體誘導(dǎo)的t細(xì)胞增殖和adcc,顯著高于由較低親和力cd16f-bb-ζ受體所引發(fā)的t細(xì)胞增殖和adcc(圖11)。接下來,將攜帶cd16v-bb-ζ的t細(xì)胞的功能與表達(dá)具有不同信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)性質(zhì)的其它受體的t細(xì)胞的功能進(jìn)行比較。這些受體包括:沒有信號(hào)能力的受體(“cd16v截短型”),具有cd3ζ但沒有4-1bb的受體(“cd16v-ζ”),以及先前描述的將cd16v與fcγ的跨膜和胞質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)域進(jìn)行組合所形成的受體(圖12)。在活化的t細(xì)胞中用逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)后,所有受體都高表達(dá)(圖13)。如圖14所示,cd16v-bb-ζ比所有其他構(gòu)建物誘導(dǎo)顯著更高的激活、增殖和特異性細(xì)胞毒性。通過mrna電穿孔表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ受體在所有上述實(shí)驗(yàn)中,cd16v-bb-ζ表達(dá)是通過逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)實(shí)施的。測試另一種方法,即mrna的電穿孔,是否也能賦予t淋巴細(xì)胞adcc能力。對(duì)來自2個(gè)供體的活化t淋巴細(xì)胞進(jìn)行電穿孔,并獲得了高表達(dá)效率:在電穿孔后24小時(shí),55%和82%的t淋巴細(xì)胞變?yōu)閏d16+(圖15a)。在第二供體中,還在第3天測試受體表達(dá),當(dāng)時(shí)為43%,這結(jié)果類似于使用另一受體的先前實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果,其表達(dá)持續(xù)了72至96小時(shí)。在用cd16v-bb-ζmrna電穿孔的t淋巴細(xì)胞中激活了adcc:在利妥昔單抗存在下,在2:1的e:t比例下,在2小時(shí)后殺死80%ramos細(xì)胞,而未用mrna電穿孔的細(xì)胞無效。(圖15b)。還參見kudo等人,cancerres.2014年1月1日;74(1):93-103,其全部內(nèi)容通過引用并入本文。討論本文描述的是嵌合受體的開發(fā),它將發(fā)揮adcc的能力賦予t淋巴細(xì)胞。當(dāng)cd16v-bb-ζ受體與結(jié)合于腫瘤細(xì)胞的抗體結(jié)合時(shí),其引發(fā)t細(xì)胞活化、持續(xù)的增殖和針對(duì)抗體靶向的癌細(xì)胞的特異性細(xì)胞毒性。cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞對(duì)廣泛的腫瘤細(xì)胞類型(包括b細(xì)胞淋巴瘤、乳腺癌和胃癌、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤和骨肉瘤)以及原發(fā)性cll細(xì)胞具有高度細(xì)胞毒性。細(xì)胞毒性完全依賴于與靶細(xì)胞結(jié)合的特異性抗體的存在;未結(jié)合的抗體不引起非特異性細(xì)胞毒性,也不影響細(xì)胞結(jié)合抗體的細(xì)胞毒性。當(dāng)它們在間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞層上培養(yǎng)時(shí),無論該微環(huán)境的已知免疫抑制作用如何,cd16v-bb-ζt細(xì)胞也殺死cll細(xì)胞。此外,在利妥昔單抗后輸注的cd16v-bb-ζt淋巴細(xì)胞,根除植入免疫缺陷小鼠的b細(xì)胞淋巴瘤細(xì)胞,并且在抗gd2抗體存在下,在植入神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞的小鼠中具有相當(dāng)大的抗腫瘤活性??傊磉_(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ的t細(xì)胞在體外和體內(nèi)發(fā)揮強(qiáng)adcc。cd16對(duì)ig的fc部分的親和力是adcc的關(guān)鍵決定因素,并因此影響對(duì)抗體免疫治療的臨床反應(yīng)。因此,正在進(jìn)行相當(dāng)大的努力以進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)fc片段對(duì)fcγr的親和力,例如通過糖基工程化。為了構(gòu)建本發(fā)明的嵌合受體,選擇具有v158多態(tài)性的fcgr3a(cd16)基因(seqidno:65)作為實(shí)例。該變體編碼對(duì)ig具有更高結(jié)合親和力的受體,并且已經(jīng)顯示出介導(dǎo)優(yōu)異的adcc。實(shí)際上,在與包含更常見的f158變體的相同的嵌合受體的一對(duì)一的比較中,cd16v-bb-ζ具有顯著更高的結(jié)合于人igfc的能力,并且誘導(dǎo)更強(qiáng)烈的增殖和細(xì)胞毒性,這引起了最近針對(duì)親和力在嵌合抗原受體功能中的作用的研究。當(dāng)前的“第二代”嵌合受體,將刺激分子與共刺激分子組合,以增強(qiáng)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)并防止活化誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡。因此,將cd16v158,與cd3ζ和4-1bb(cd137)構(gòu)成的刺激分子串聯(lián)物(tandem)進(jìn)行組合。事實(shí)上,與通過單獨(dú)的cd3ζ或fcεriγ作用的受體相比,cd16v-bb-ζ受體誘導(dǎo)顯著更優(yōu)的t細(xì)胞活化、增殖和細(xì)胞毒性。通過臨床試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果,越來越多地證明了遺傳修飾的且表達(dá)受體的t細(xì)胞的臨床潛力,其中所述受體識(shí)別腫瘤細(xì)胞表面抗原并可轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)刺激信號(hào)。最值得注意的是,在接受通過病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的、表達(dá)針對(duì)cd19或cd20的嵌合抗原受體的自體t淋巴細(xì)胞的b細(xì)胞惡性腫瘤患者中,已經(jīng)報(bào)道了顯著的腫瘤減少和/或完全緩解。將該策略擴(kuò)展到其他腫瘤涉及相當(dāng)大的努力,包括開發(fā)另一種嵌合抗原受體構(gòu)建物,以及根據(jù)調(diào)節(jié)要求優(yōu)化大規(guī)模轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)條件。在這方面,本文所述的cd16v-bb-ζ受體,可通過允許一種單一受體用于多種癌細(xì)胞類型,來協(xié)助t細(xì)胞治療的實(shí)施。它還應(yīng)該允許同時(shí)靶向多種抗原,這種策略最終可能是有利的,考慮到腫瘤所采用的免疫逃逸機(jī)制,這種機(jī)制以由最近報(bào)道所闡述,其中缺乏由具有單特異性的嵌合受體靶向的標(biāo)志物的亞克隆,會(huì)驅(qū)動(dòng)白血病復(fù)發(fā)。當(dāng)需要時(shí),通過簡單地撤回抗體施用,可以停止抗體指導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性。因?yàn)楸磉_(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ的t細(xì)胞僅被結(jié)合于靶細(xì)胞的抗體所激活,所以可溶性免疫球蛋白不會(huì)對(duì)輸注的t細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生任何刺激。如本文所證明的,mrna電穿孔可以非常有效地表達(dá)受體。抗體治療已成為許多癌癥亞型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療;其臨床效力主要由其通過fc受體的結(jié)合所引發(fā)adcc的能力決定。adcc的主要效應(yīng)子是nk細(xì)胞,但它們的功能在癌癥患者中可能受損。例如,據(jù)報(bào)道,與用來自患有早期疾病或健康供體的患者的樣品相比,來自胃癌患者和晚期疾病的外周血單核細(xì)胞的曲妥珠單抗介導(dǎo)的針對(duì)過表達(dá)her2的胃癌細(xì)胞的adcc顯著降低。此外,反應(yīng)可能受其他因素影響,包括nk細(xì)胞抑制性受體及其配體的基因型。本文提供的結(jié)果表明,用cd16v-bb-ζ受體遺傳工程改造的自體t細(xì)胞的輸注,可顯著提高adcc。因?yàn)榻M合的cd3ζ/4-1bb信號(hào)還引起t細(xì)胞增殖,所以在腫瘤部位會(huì)積聚活化的t細(xì)胞,這可以進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)它們的活性。cd16v-bb-ζ受體可以通過mrna電穿孔,不僅在活化的t淋巴細(xì)胞中表達(dá),而且在靜息的外周血單核細(xì)胞中表達(dá),該程序從血液收集到輸注表達(dá)cd16v-bb-ζ的細(xì)胞僅需要幾個(gè)小時(shí),因此非常適合臨床應(yīng)用。實(shí)施例2.各種不同嵌合受體的構(gòu)建編碼以下嵌合受體的核酸序列,被克隆到載體pvax1的hindiii和xbai位點(diǎn):seqidno:1、seqidno:2、seqidno:3、seqidno:4、seqidno:5、seqidno:6、seqidno:7、seqidno:8、seqidno:9、seqidno:10、seqidno:11和seqidno:14。通過用限制性內(nèi)切核酸酶xbai消化,使dna載體線性化,并用t7rna聚合酶轉(zhuǎn)錄成rna。隨后使用來自cellscript的scriptcapcappingenzyme和scriptcap2'-o-甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶,在其5'端對(duì)rna進(jìn)行酶促加帽,以得到cap1結(jié)構(gòu),然后在其3'末端用poly-a聚合酶進(jìn)行多腺苷酸化。使用invitrogenneon電穿孔系統(tǒng),將得到的mrna電穿孔入jurkat細(xì)胞,并在含有10%胎牛血清的rpmi-1640培養(yǎng)基中,在37℃下,生長6小時(shí)。然后將培養(yǎng)基中的電穿孔細(xì)胞與cd20特異性抗體-利妥昔單抗(rituxan)(10μg/ml)在37℃下溫育30分鐘。收獲細(xì)胞,用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)緩沖液(fc緩沖液;不含ca2+和mg2+的dpbs,0.2%牛血清白蛋白,0.2%nan3)洗滌兩次,并用pe-標(biāo)記的抗cd16抗體或抗cd32抗體(用于seqidno:6)以檢測嵌合受體表達(dá),或用pe標(biāo)記的山羊抗人抗體以檢測結(jié)合的利妥昔單抗。通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析被染色的細(xì)胞。用pe標(biāo)記的抗cd16或抗cd32抗體,檢測來自所有構(gòu)建物的嵌合受體蛋白,其中平均熒光值范圍為36,000至537,000。u構(gòu)建物1(ucontruct1)(seqidno:1)顯示最高的表達(dá)水平。圖16(圖a至c)顯示了利妥昔單抗與用seqidno:1mrna電穿孔的細(xì)胞和模擬對(duì)照電穿孔細(xì)胞的結(jié)合情況的流式細(xì)胞檢測數(shù)據(jù)。與少于2%的模擬電穿孔細(xì)胞相比,大于95%的用編碼seqidno:1的mrna電穿孔的細(xì)胞被山羊抗人抗體所染色,這表明在jurkat細(xì)胞表面上表達(dá)的嵌合受體能夠結(jié)合于利妥昔單抗(圖16a和16b)。當(dāng)用pe-標(biāo)記的山羊抗人抗體染色時(shí),用seqidno:1mrna電穿孔細(xì)胞的中值熒光值,比模擬電穿孔細(xì)胞的中值熒光值高大約700倍(圖16c和表8)。對(duì)seqidno:2、seqidno:3、seqidno:4、seqidno:5、seqidno:6、seqidno:7、seqidno:8、seqidno:9、seqidno:10、seqidno:11和seqidno:14,進(jìn)行了類似的分析。使用這些構(gòu)建物的嵌合受體mrna進(jìn)行電穿孔的細(xì)胞的中值熒光值,比模擬電穿孔細(xì)胞的中值熒光值高約14至680倍,當(dāng)用pe-標(biāo)記的山羊抗人抗體染色時(shí)(表8),這表明在jurkat細(xì)胞表面上表達(dá)的所有這些嵌合受體蛋白能夠結(jié)合利妥昔單抗。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,嵌合受體seqidno:1、seqidno:2、seqidno:3、seqidno:4、seqidno:5、seqidno:6、seqidno:7、seqidno:8、seqidno:9、seqidno:10、seqidno:11和seqidno:14都在jurkat細(xì)胞中表達(dá),并且都結(jié)合于cd20特異性抗體利妥昔單抗。表8:在嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的活性實(shí)驗(yàn)中,嵌合受體結(jié)合于利妥昔單抗,以及cd25和cd69表達(dá)的相對(duì)中值熒光。實(shí)施例3.表達(dá)嵌合受體的細(xì)胞顯示出t細(xì)胞活化標(biāo)記物通過監(jiān)測細(xì)胞表面活性標(biāo)記cd25和cd69的存在,來評(píng)價(jià)上述實(shí)施例2中公開的表達(dá)嵌合受體的jurkat細(xì)胞的活性。對(duì)于這些實(shí)驗(yàn),使用invitrogenneon電穿孔系統(tǒng),在沒有mrna(模擬對(duì)照)或存在編碼上述實(shí)施例2中所述的嵌合受體構(gòu)建物的mrna下,電穿孔jurkat細(xì)胞,并在含有10%fbs的rpmi-1640培養(yǎng)基中,在37℃生長8-9小時(shí)。收獲細(xì)胞,用含有10%胎牛血清、50u/ml青霉素和50μg/ml鏈霉素的rpmi-1640培養(yǎng)基洗滌。將這些細(xì)胞與daudi靶細(xì)胞按1:1比例混合并與cd20特異性抗體利妥昔單抗(10μg/ml)混合,其中所述daudi靶細(xì)胞(已用streck細(xì)胞防腐劑將其固定)的細(xì)胞表面表達(dá)cd20。將該混合物在含有10%胎牛血清、50u/ml青霉素和50μg/ml鏈霉素的rpmi-1640培養(yǎng)基中,在37℃下孵育18-20小時(shí)。收獲細(xì)胞并用pe-標(biāo)記的抗cd7抗體染色,以檢測jurkat細(xì)胞;并用apc-標(biāo)記的抗cd25抗體或apc-標(biāo)記的抗cd69抗體,以分別檢測jurkat細(xì)胞上的cd25和cd69表達(dá)。通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)染色的細(xì)胞。評(píng)價(jià)cd7陽性細(xì)胞的cd25和cd69的表達(dá)情況。在采用編碼seqidno:1的mrna的條件下,大于45%的cd7陽性細(xì)胞被apc標(biāo)記的抗cd25抗體染色,相比之下,在模擬電穿孔條件下僅有小于3%的cd7陽性細(xì)胞。這表明,在這些實(shí)驗(yàn)的條件下,與不表達(dá)受體的細(xì)胞相比,表達(dá)嵌合受體的jurkat細(xì)胞上的cd25活性標(biāo)記物的表達(dá)增加(圖17a和17b)。當(dāng)cd7陽性細(xì)胞用apc-標(biāo)記的抗cd25抗體染色進(jìn)行評(píng)估時(shí),在seqidno:1的mrna條件下的中值熒光值,比模擬電穿孔細(xì)胞的中值熒光值高大約6.7倍(圖17c,表8)。與模擬電穿孔條件中約46%的cd7陽性細(xì)胞相比,在編碼seqidno:1的mrna條件下,大于98%的cd7陽性細(xì)胞被apc標(biāo)記的抗cd69抗體染色,這表明,在這些實(shí)驗(yàn)的條件下,與不表達(dá)受體的細(xì)胞相比,表達(dá)嵌合受體的jurkat細(xì)胞上的cd69活性標(biāo)記物的表達(dá)增加(圖18a和18b)。當(dāng)cd7陽性細(xì)胞用apc-標(biāo)記的抗-cd69抗體染色進(jìn)行評(píng)估時(shí),在seqidno:1的mrna條件下的中值熒光值,比模擬電穿孔細(xì)胞的中值熒光值高大約69倍(圖18c,表8)。對(duì)seqidno:2、seqidno:3、seqidno:4、seqidno:5、seqidno:6、seqidno:7、seqidno:8、seqidno:9、seqidno:10、seqidno:11和seqidno:14進(jìn)行了類似的分析。當(dāng)對(duì)cd7陽性細(xì)胞用apc-標(biāo)記的抗cd25抗體染色進(jìn)行評(píng)估時(shí),在細(xì)胞表達(dá)這些構(gòu)建物的嵌合受體的條件下的中值熒光值,比模擬電穿孔細(xì)胞的中值熒光值高大約2.3-7.6倍(表8)。這表明,在這些實(shí)驗(yàn)的條件下,與不表達(dá)受體的細(xì)胞相比,在表達(dá)這每一種嵌合受體的jurkat細(xì)胞上的cd25活性標(biāo)記物的表達(dá)是增加的(表8)。當(dāng)cd7陽性細(xì)胞用apc-標(biāo)記的抗-cd69抗體染色進(jìn)行評(píng)估時(shí),在細(xì)胞表達(dá)這些構(gòu)建物的嵌合受體的條件下的中值熒光值,比模擬電穿孔細(xì)胞的中值熒光值高約10至64倍(表8)。這表明,在這些實(shí)驗(yàn)的條件下,與不表達(dá)受體的細(xì)胞相比,在表達(dá)這些嵌合受體的jurkat細(xì)胞上的cd69活性標(biāo)記物的表達(dá)是增加的(表8)。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,在這些受體與cd20特異性抗體-利妥昔單抗和表達(dá)cd20的daudi靶細(xì)胞發(fā)生相互作用的條件下,與不表達(dá)嵌合受體的jurkat細(xì)胞相比,表達(dá)這些嵌合受體的jurkat細(xì)胞顯示出活性標(biāo)志物cd25和cd69的增加。實(shí)施例4.嵌合受體在jurkat細(xì)胞上表達(dá)用編碼嵌合受體的mrna電穿孔的jurkat細(xì)胞,通過用抗cdζ抗體的western印跡分析,來分析嵌合受體表達(dá)。對(duì)于這些實(shí)驗(yàn),使用invitrogenneon電穿孔系統(tǒng),在無mrna(mock)或在編碼上述實(shí)施例2中所公開的構(gòu)建物的mrna存在下,電穿孔jurkat細(xì)胞,并在含有10%fbs的rpmi-1640培養(yǎng)基中,在37℃生長8-9小時(shí)。收集細(xì)胞,并在磷酸酶和蛋白酶抑制劑存在下用ripa緩沖液(50mmtris-hcl,150mmnacl,1mmedta,1%np-40,0.5%脫氧膽酸鈉,ph7.4)裂解。對(duì)于每種裂解物,將25μg總蛋白上樣于4-12%bis-tris聚丙烯酰胺凝膠的一個(gè)泳道上。將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移到pvdf膜上,并且在室溫下,在tbst緩沖液(500mmtris-hcl,1.5mnacl,1%tween-20,ph7.4)中用5%牛奶封閉膜1小時(shí)。在4℃下用抗cdζ抗體與膜雜交檢測過夜,用tbst緩沖液洗滌3次,并用辣根過氧化物酶連接的山羊抗人二抗進(jìn)行檢測。使用辣根過氧化物酶化學(xué)發(fā)光底物顯現(xiàn)蛋白條帶。western印跡實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果示于圖19中???cdζ抗體檢測到含有cdζ胞內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)序列的嵌合受體蛋白質(zhì)的c-末端區(qū)域。對(duì)于所有嵌合受體構(gòu)建物,檢測到對(duì)應(yīng)于全長受體蛋白的條帶(泳道2-13)。嵌合受體蛋白的移動(dòng)性以與蛋白質(zhì)的不同分子量一致的方式進(jìn)行變化。這些結(jié)果表明,在用相應(yīng)的mrna電穿孔后,這些嵌合受體都在jurkat細(xì)胞中表達(dá)。其他實(shí)施例在本說明書中公開的所有特征,可以以任何組合進(jìn)行組合。本說明書中公開的每個(gè)特征可以由出于相同、等同或類似目的的替代特征所替換。因此,除非另有明確說明,所公開的每個(gè)特征僅僅是通用的一系列等同或類似特征的一個(gè)示例?;谏厦娴拿枋鲋?,本領(lǐng)域技術(shù)人員可以容易地確定本發(fā)明的基本特征,并且在不脫離本發(fā)明的精神和范圍的情況下,可以對(duì)本發(fā)明進(jìn)行各種改變和修改,以便適合各種不同的用途和條件。因此,其他實(shí)施例也在本權(quán)利要求的范圍內(nèi)。序列表<110>優(yōu)努姆治療公司<120>嵌合受體及其在免疫治療中的應(yīng)用<130>u1199.70000wo00<140>未給出<141>同時(shí)提供<150>us62/047,916<151>2014-09-09<160>87<170>patentinversion3.5<210>1<211>436<212>prt<213>人工序列<220><223>合成多肽<400>1metalaleuprovalthralaleuleuleuproleualaleuleuleu151015hisalaalaargproglymetargthrgluaspleuprolysalaval202530valpheleugluproglntrptyrargvalleuglulysaspserval354045thrleulyscysglnglyalatyrserprogluaspasnserthrgln505560trpphehisasngluserleuileserserglnalasersertyrphe65707580ileaspalaalathrvalaspaspserglyglutyrargcysglnthr859095asnleuserthrleuseraspprovalglnleugluvalhisilegly100105110trpleuleuleuglnalaproargtrpvalphelysglugluasppro115120125ilehisleuargcyshissertrplysasnthralaleuhislysval130135140thrtyrleuglnasnglylysglyarglystyrphehishisasnser145150155160aspphetyrileprolysalathrleulysaspserglysertyrphe165170175cysargglyleuvalglyserlysasnvalsersergluthrvalasn180185190ilethrilethrglnglyleualavalserthrileserserphephe195200205proproglytyrglnthrthrthrproalaproargproprothrpro210215220alaprothrilealaserglnproleuserleuargprogluala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